- 學位論文
帝國的「皮膚病」及其治理 ——1898年台灣「土匪強盜人名簿」的歷史形成
The “Dermatitis” and the Governmentality of the Empire: The Historical Formation of “the Blacklist of Bandits and Robbers” in 1898, Taiwan
摘要
一般而言，日治時期的台灣史以1915年的噍吧哖事件為界，前期稱為武裝抗日運動，後期則是文化抗日的社會運動。武裝抗日運動又依時間分為三期：台灣民主國、抗日游擊戰、北埔事件等的13起抗日事件。非武裝的抗日運動則有議會請願運動、台灣文化協會、台灣民眾黨、台灣共產黨等的社會運動。 在處理武裝抗日運動時，又以1898年的「匪徒刑法令」最為著名。總督府透過此法將本來命名分歧的土匪、盜匪、強盜等反抗者一律稱為「匪徒」並處以死刑。也透過「匪徒招降策」意圖收編有意歸順者，但許多研究者也強調總督府直接在歸順儀式上殺害歸順者的事件。 過去的研究大多著重在著名的抗日事件（如：噍吧哖事件等），或聚焦在抗日運動的領導人。針對較不知名的事件或者大批的武裝抗日運動參與者的研究付之闕如。在研究取徑上，也多以批判殖民的角度，而缺乏對於主權暴力的分析。 本研究透過總督府檔案，1898年之「土匪強盜人名簿」，試圖理解這些不屬於任何知名抗日事件，大批無名參與者的面貌為何，他們具備了怎樣的社會史意義。另一方面，也以Carl Schmitt、Giorgio Agamben及Michel Foucault等人提出的概念，進行制度面的分析。 本研究發現，代表官方意識形態的土匪名簿將其中大多數的人物紀錄為懶散、偷竊、遊手好閒之人。並且透過文獻或相關研究可知，除了以「匪徒刑法令」將其殺害以外，總督府亦分派工作給予這些懶散之人，甚至將其送往農場強制勞動。換言之，與其說這些人從事政治性的反抗，更應以Foucault之「過失犯」的概念理解更為恰當，由此可見主權性質的轉變，從奪取生命至管理生命，將懶散的人作為活勞動力投入資本再生產表現為現代資本主義國家的特質，但同時也以隱藏其後的主權暴力作為治理的保證。
並列摘要
Generally, the history of Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule is divided into two parts. The early stage from 1895 to 1915, was called armed resistance. After the Ta-pa-ni Incident in 1915, there were some social movements. The armed resistance movements can be divided into three periods: Republic of Formosa, Guerrillas and thirteen famous incidents such as Beipu Uprising in 1907, etc. The social movements include Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament, Taiwanese Cultural Association, Taiwanese People's Party (led by Chiang Wei-Shui), and Taiwanese Communist Party (led by Hsieh Hsueh-hung). When dealing with the armed resistances, the government's most famous legal tool was “Bandit Punishment Ordinance” established in 1898. Taiwan Governor-General office gave a legal name ‘Hi-to’ to those who was once called by the terms like ‘To-hui’, ‘Bandits’, and ‘Robbers.’ They were all sentenced to death by the law. On the other hand, Taiwan Governor-General office was also trying to come around those people who were willing to surrender. However, further researches indicated that Taiwan Governor-General office killed the surrenderers on the surrender ceremony. Many researches emphasize on the famous incidents of anti-Japanese armed resistance or focused on the leader of the resistance. We rarely see researches that focused on little-known resistance and a large number of participants. Besides, the approach of those researches are often in colonial criticism, but lack of analyses of sovereign violence. This thesis aims to figure out those participants in “the Blacklist of Bandits and Robbers” in 1898. Those people were nameless and they did not participate in any famous resistance. We also want to know their significance in social history. On the other hand, this thesis uses institutional analysis by political philosophy concepts which were made by Carl Schmitt, Giorgio Agamben, and Michel Foucault. This thesis found that, as the Government ideology, “the Blacklist of Bandits and Robbers” record most of the people with lazy, thefts, bumming around. From the archives and other researches, we could know that although Taiwan Governor-General office killed people by “Bandit Punishment Ordinance”, Taiwan Governor-General office also gave jobs to those ‘lazy’ people, even sent them to farms to do unfree labor. In other words, it’s better to realize those people as delinquents in Foucault’s meaning, instead of political resistance. In this thesis, we also found that the sovereignty changed form taking lives to make lives better. Taking lazy people as live-labor into Capitalist Reproduction is the characteristics of modern capitalism states. The sovereign violence behinds the state is also the promise of governmentality.