- 學位論文
圈養白鯨血液及血漿生化學
Hematology and Plasma Biochemistry of Reared Beluga Whale (Delphinapterus leucas)
摘要
白鯨 (Delphinapterus leucas) 大多分布於北極與亞北極地帶，在分類學上屬一角鯨科 (Monodontidae)。如同其他哺乳動物，鯨豚之血液學及血漿生化學數值可作為健康狀態評估、病情診斷及療效監測等之參考。本研究之目的為建立飼養於國立海洋生物博物館的白鯨之血液學及血漿生化學參考值，並且比較季節變化和白鯨之年齡及性別等因素對血液及血漿生化數值之影響。此研究利用2002年至2013年，8隻白鯨 (3雄5雌) 每個月例行性生理檢查及血液檢查所檢測之數據進行分析、比較。每個血檢項目標準值的訂定設為平均值加減3個標準差，而所有數據皆用SAS Enterprise Guide 6.1軟體進行統計分析。本研究利用單因子變異數分析 (one-way analysis of variable，ANOVA) 方法了解不同季節、年齡對於各項檢驗數值之影響，並利用Tukey test進行事後比較 (post hoc comparison)；而性別之於生理數值之影響則是用student’s t-test分析。P值小於0.05代表有顯著差異。除此之外，本研究建立之線性混合效應模式 (linear mixed effects models) 可用於預測白鯨在不同季節、年齡及性別的生理數值。結果顯示，未成年白鯨之血容比 (packed cell volume，PCV)、血紅素 (hemoglobin，Hb)、一小時內紅血球沉降速率 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate，ESR) 及鈣離子 (calcium ion) 等項目高於成年及亞成年動物；而成年個體的平均紅血球容積 (mean cell volume，MCV) 高於其他年齡層之白鯨；亞成年白鯨則是具有較高的血液天門冬酸鹽轉氨酶 (aspartate aminotransferase，AST)、加瑪麩氨基轉換酶 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) 血中尿素氮 (blood urea nitrogen) 及鉀離子 (potassium ion) 濃度。另外也可觀察到分葉核嗜中性球 (segmented neutrophil)、單核球 (monocyte)、白蛋白 (albumin)、膽固醇 (cholesterol)、三酸甘油脂 (triglyceride)、肌酸酐 (creatinine)、無機磷 (inorganic phosphorus)、鈉離子 (sodium ion)、氯離子 (chloride ion) 和總二氧化碳 (total carbon dioxide，TCO2) 等數值會隨著年齡而遞增；而平均紅血球血紅素含量 (mean corpuscular hemoglobin，MCH)、平均紅血球血紅素濃度 (mean cell hemoglobin concentration)、淋巴球 (lymphocyte)、嗜酸性球 (eosinophil)、血小板 (platelet)、30秒內ESR、氨基丙酸轉氨酶 (alanine aminotransferase，ALT)、鹼磷酶 (alkaline phosphatase，ALP)、肌氨酸激酶 (creatine kinase)、乳酸鹽脫氫酶 (lactate dehydrogenase，LDH)、葡萄糖 (glucose)、乳酸鹽 (lactate) 及纖維素原 (fibrinogen) 等則是隨著年齡的增加而逐漸下降。季節差異的部分， MCV、MCH、AST、ALT、cholesterol、某些離子、TCO2 和lactate等項目有顯著的季節性變化。雄鯨有較高的PCV、紅血球總數 (total red blood cell)、Hb、MCV、AST、ALT、ALP、LDH及血漿鐵 (plasma iron)；而ESR、triglyceride和蛋白質等項目則是低於雌性白鯨。本研究建立之生理學數值及其分析可作為圈養白鯨健康評估的參考依據。
並列摘要
The beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean which belongs to the family Monodontidae. Similar to other animals, hematology and plasma biochemistry values of beluga are important references for health evaluation, disease diagnosis and prognosis. The goal of this study was to establish the baseline hematologic and plasma biochemical ranges for belugas reared in National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium in Taiwan. The specific objectives were to evaluate the effects of season variation, and beluga’s age and gender to the hematological and plasma chemical characteristics of these belugas between 2002 and 2013. In the 12-year period, hematologic and plasma biochemical data of these eight belugas, including three males and five females, were measured and recorded monthly from clinically normal individuals. The collected information was then analyzed and built as the references of the belugas reared in Taiwan. The reference values of each index was calculated and set as mean ± 3 standard deviation. Statistical analyses were performed by utilizing SAS Enterprise Guide 6.1 software. Seasonal / age differences between means were determined with analyses of variable followed by Tukey post hoc tests.To compare the means of each index between genders, student’s t- tests were performed. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant difference. Moreover, the linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the relationship between the analytes and three factors: season, animal age and animal gender. In the results of age-related differences, segmented neutrophils, monocytes, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus, sodium ions, chloride ions and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) increased with age. Values of mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte, eosinophil, platelet, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in 30 seconds, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, lactate and fibrinogen decreased with age. Juveniles had higher packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), ESR in an hour and calcium ion values than adults and subadults, while mean cell volume (MCV) of adults was the highest among the three age groups. In subadult whales, levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase, blood urea nitrogen and potassium ion were greater in subadults than in the other two groups. Seasonal variations were observed in mean cell volume (MCV), MCH, AST, ALT, cholesterol, some electrolytes, TCO2 and lactate. In gender-related differences, some red blood cell parameters (PCV, total red blood cells, Hb and MCV), liver function indicators (AST, ALT and ALP), LDH and plasma iron were higher in males than in females, and females had high levels of ESR, triglyceride and proteins. The reference values and analyses in the present study could supply valuable information for belugas in Asia.