- 學位論文
奈米維生素對白肉雞生長性能、免疫性狀及維生素A 吸收之影響
Effects of Nanoparticle Vitamins on Growth Performance, Immune Response and Vitamin A Absorption of Broiler Chickens
摘要
維生素於家禽生長中扮演重要的角色，廣泛作為促進生長的飼料添加劑，不同種類的維生素於動物體內有不同的功能，維生素Ａ在禽類中對於羽毛生長、產蛋及生長是不可或缺的，其缺乏症狀如慢性呼吸系統疾病，感冒症狀導致雞隻流鼻涕及面部浮腫等可見徵狀。維生素B群同樣為雞隻必須營養素，缺乏亦會導致全身乏力、體重減輕、腿部發育障礙，適量維生物D可預防佝僂病並且增強骨骼與蛋殼品質。其他維生素C、E、K同為生長發育不可或缺之營養物。奈米為近代進展迅速之技術，奈米微粒其直徑僅1 – 100 nm，飼料添加劑中奈米維生素如鉻（chromium ）與硒（selenium）於家禽中已被廣泛研究，但奈米維生素研究甚少，因此本研究旨在探討奈米維生素與市售維生素對白肉雞生長性能,免疫性狀及維生素A吸收之影響。奈米維生素包含A、D3、E、K3、B1、B2、B12與C維生素，而市售維生素組成未知。試驗分成兩部分，試驗Ａ以330隻愛拔益加肉公雞隨機分配至六組，分別為2組對照組、奈米維生素（稀釋1000、2000倍）及市售維生素組（稀釋1000、2000倍）且於1-3、8、13、18、 23、28及33日齡給予稀釋之維生素，每組皆三重複。試驗期間以維生素液劑添加至飲水稀釋，基礎飼糧參照國家研究委員會（National research council, NRC）標準進行配置。雞隻於第7及14天給予新城雞瘟（Newcastle disease ）與傳染性支氣管炎（infectious bronchitis）疫苗，於35天犧牲採樣，測定各處理組之生長性能及血液生化值。另一實驗為代謝試驗組，72隻一日齡肉雞飼養至28日齡後，挑選60隻，每組五隻分別灌食市售及奈米維生素稀釋濃度120與300倍之溶液1毫升，控制組則灌食水，於灌食後1小時與2小時犧牲雞隻，採血液及肝臟，測定其維生素A含量以做為奈米化及市售維生素吸收之指標。統計分析使用SAS 9.1.3版套裝軟體（Statistical Analysis System）。試驗一之結果顯示肉雞體增重以2000倍稀釋之奈米化維生素和1000及2000倍市售維生素與對照組者達差異顯著（P < 0.05）。市售及奈米維生素於2000倍時飼料轉換率皆高於控制組，除1000倍市售維生素處理組，其餘組別肝臟重皆高於控制組。綜合上述添加市售以及奈米維生素於2000倍時可促進生長性能，添加奈米或市售維生素皆可改善生長成績。
並列摘要
Vitamins are essential micronutrients the body requires in small quantities for various roles. When included in poultry feed, vitamins play significant roles in the physiological and metabolic processes of poultry. Different vitamins perform different functions in the animal’s body. For instance, vitamin A is necessary for good feathering, egg production and good growth. A severe deficiency of vitamin A in poultry gives the birds an appearance that resembles suffering from chronic respiratory disease, a cold, or other kinds of diagnostics. Other symptoms such as nasal discharge, edema of the face, and so on, may be visible in vitamin A deficient chickens. Accumulated lines of evidence indicated that nanotechnology, a new technique that involves the manipulation of particles into tiny bits of between 1-100 nanometer (nm), is able to increase the efficiency of nanominerals such as chromium and selenium on poultry performance. However, the effects of nanoparticle vitamins on poultry production have not been elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nanoparticle vitamins and commercial vitamin on broiler chickens performance. Two vitamin products, nanoparticle vitamin (containing vitamin A, D3, E, K3, B1, B2, B12 and C) and commercial vitamin (content unknown) were evaluated on a total of 330 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Arbor Acres). Birds were randomly assigned to 0 (control, 1000ml drinking water), 1000x (1ml vitamin+1000ml drinking water) and 2000x (0.5ml vitamin+1000ml drinking water) groups of commercial vitamin and nanoparticle vitamin with three replicates per treatment (18 chickens per cage) for 35 day. All chickens were fed a basal diet formulated according to the National Research Council (NRC 1994) standard. On day 7 and 14, all the chickens were vaccinated against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (IB). Body weight of individual chickens in every group (18 birds/group) and average feed intake per group was measured and recorded. In addition, the metabolism and absorption of vitamin A was examined during the experiment. A total of 72 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly assigned to 4 cages and fed a basal diet for 28 days. On the 28th day, 60 chickens were randomly selected and force fed with nanoparticle vitamins and commercial vitamins; after which the birds were sacrificed and blood and livers samples were collected for analysis. At the end of the experiment (35 days), 5 chickens per group were randomly selected and sacrificed and their organs were collected and weighed immediately and the breast and thigh meat was analyzed after sacrifice. Blood and liver samples were collected and stored at -20°C until processed. The parameters measured included: growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion, immune response, organ weights, blood vitamin A, liver vitamin A, blood biochemistry, and breast and thigh searing force. The results showed that the body weight gain of 2000x, 1000x and 2000x commercial vitamin groups were significantly higher than that of the control. In addition, feed conversion ratio results showed that 2000x commercial vitamin and 2000x nanoparticle vitamins were significantly higher than the control. In addition, all treatments except for 1000x commercial vitamin had a significantly higher liver weight than the control. Apart from the body weight, feed conversion ratio, and liver weight, no other significant differences were obtained from other parameters that were measured. Therefore, this study was able to demonstrate that using 2000x of both the nanoparticle vitamin and the commercial vitamin can enhance the growth performance of broilers. When considering feed efficiency as a factor for production, this study showed that using 2000x nanoparticle vitamin and 1000x and 2000x commercial vitamin is sufficient to enhance a good feed utilization of broilers.