- 學位論文
檸檬皮與橘子皮萃取液在田間條件下對於櫻桃番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)的害蟲防治及生長之效果評估
Effects of Lemon and Orange Peel Aqueous Extracts on the Insect Pests and Growth of Cherry Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under Field Conditions
摘要
番茄是中美洲非常重要的農作物，而櫻桃番茄則是作為台灣本土主要種植的番茄品種。 櫻桃番茄易受各種害蟲侵害的特性迫使許多發展中國家的農民在種植番茄時頻繁地使用化學合成殺蟲劑。其中以中美洲國家為例大量進口化學殺蟲劑。化學殺蟲劑的濫用以及處理不當對環境造成了危害更增加人們的健康風險。以植物萃取液製成的植物性殺蟲劑不僅具有殺蟲特性，對脊椎動物的毒性較低，更能在自然環境中被迅速降解。這些特質使得植物藥在病蟲害整合管理法中被廣泛作為殺蟲劑應用。本研究採用檸檬與橘皮萃取液並直接施放到土壤中的方式。萃取液有三種不同濃度，分別是2000、1000和 500 μg/mL。陽性對照組採取人手採收的方式，陰性對照組則不採取任何形式的害蟲防治。實驗重複兩次，每一組實驗內分別將個別濃度的萃取液施放在五株植物樣本中。實驗內所記錄的生長參數包括番茄的高度與未受害蟲侵害的櫻桃番茄重量。實驗也記錄了植物生長期間所受到的害蟲侵擾次數並在植物上標記了被害蟲侵擾的部位。實驗後也對侵擾的害蟲種類以及種類的數量進行鑑定。實驗數據收集採取每五天記錄一次的方式，直到實驗結束。本次研究的目的是評估橘子與檸檬果皮萃取液對於害蟲數量，害蟲種類數量，植物生長高度與產出果實重量的影響及找出在田間條件下對番茄類主要害蟲具最佳殺蟲效果的萃取液濃度。與陰性對照組相比，實驗結果顯示接受過柑橘類果皮萃取液害蟲防治處理的櫻桃番茄植株的植株高度更高。與陽性對照組相比，接受濃度2000 與 1000 μg/mL橘皮萃取液和濃度500 μg/mL的植物高度有顯著提高。與陰性對照相比下，經萃取液蟲害防治處理後的植物中總害蟲侵染次數總數有顯著減少。這項處理方式與陽性對照同樣有效，兩者之間無顯著差異。與陰性對照組相比經橘皮萃取液(不論濃度)和濃度1000 μg/mL檸檬皮萃取液處理的植物個體，產出健康果實重量有顯著提高。研究結果顯示，經萃取液處理的植物中所出現的害蟲種類數量較陰性對照組的更高。其中主要害蟲為為潛蠅 Liriomyza spp。數據顯示，植物的害蟲數量在營養生長期及結果期最高，而害蟲種類數量在果實成熟的初期顯示最高。根據這項研究結果，可以得出在濃度為1000 μg/mL的橘皮萃取液在病虫害整合管理及保護田野中的番茄作物能起到重要的作用。
並列摘要
Tomato is a very important crop in the Central America, with cherry tomato being an important variety in Taiwan. Its susceptibility to various pests, forces farmers in developing countries to use synthetic pesticides regularly. Synthetic pesticides are imported into Central America in vast quantities. Their overuse, misuse, and mismanagement pose an environmental challenge, and causes a health risk to farmers. Botanical plant extracts have shown to have insecticidal properties, as well as having minimal toxicity to vertebrates and degrade hastily in the environment. These characteristics make them considered for a role as insecticides within integrated pest management programs. This study used aqueous plant extracts made from lemon and orange peels, that were directly applied to the soil. These were applied at three different concentrations, 2000, 1000, and 500 μg/mL. The positive control used hand-picking as a method of control, and the negative control used no forms of pest control. Five replicates were used for each treatment, with the experiment being repeated twice. The growth parameters measured were the cherry tomato plant height, and the healthy weight of the cherry tomato yield. Insect pest infestation were counted and marked throughout the plants’ growth. The pest insects were identified and their diversity was calculated. The results were recorded every five days until the end of experiment. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of the orange and lemon peel aqueous extracts on the number of pest insects and their diversity, on growth by height, and the healthy yield weight. As well as to recommend the most effective treatment under field conditions. The results have demonstrated that cherry tomato plants that underwent treatment with either of the aqueous plant extracts showed significantly taller plants when compared to the negative control. Treatments with orange peel aqueous extract at 2000 and 1000 μg/mL, and lemon peel aqueous extract at 500 μg/mL showed significantly taller plants when compared to the positive control. The total number of infestations was significantly less in the plants with the aqueous plant extracts when compared to the negative control. The treatments were just as effective as the positive control, showing no significant difference. All treatments using orange peel aqueous extracts, and the treatment at 1000 μg/mL using lemon peel aqueous extract, showed significantly higher healthy yield by weight when compared to the negative control. The pest insect diversity showed to be higher in the treated plants than in the negative control, with the majority being the Liriomyza species. Pest insect numbers were greater during vegetative and fruit formation stages, thought the early and mature fruiting stages had the higher pest insect diversity, overall. Based on the results from this study it can be concluded that orange peel aqueous extracts at 1000 μg/mL can play a vital role in the integrated pest management of cherry tomato crops under field conditions.