- 學位論文
豐富化籠飼系統應用在蛋雞的飼養研究
Studies of the enriched cage system on laying hen production
摘要
歐盟1999年通過「蛋雞廢止籠飼指令」，要求2012年起歐盟會員國全面廢止蛋雞以格子籠飼養方式。傳統蛋雞籠飼雖有提高飼養密度、增加產蛋量、控制球蟲症及易於觀察雞隻健康等優點；但每隻雞飼養面積不足，限制雞隻行動、通風不良、引發啄羽行為及增加感染疫病的風險等問題。一般認為蛋雞在產蛋期間需有安全及不受驚擾的產蛋空間，因此研發豐富化籠飼可避免雞隻啄羽、產蛋行為無虞及提高產蛋性能等效用。試驗一為探討不同飼養密度對蛋雞之影響，分別以傳統格子籠飼 (對照組)及豐富化籠飼低密度每籠15隻、中密度20隻、高密度30隻 (飼養面積分別為2,000、1,500及1,000 cm2/隻)。結果顯示，飼料換蛋率以豐富化籠飼中密度組，明顯較其他3組佳。在蛋殼強度則以豐富化籠飼中、高密度兩組明顯較佳。行為觀察方面，豐富化籠飼的中、高密度兩組，有明顯較高的上棲架行為。羽毛評分以豐富化籠飼高密度組，有明顯的羽毛損傷。試驗二為不同飼糧能量濃度對籠飼蛋雞之影響，三組試驗飼糧的代謝能濃度分別為2,750 kcal/kg、2,900 kcal/kg或3,050 kcal/kg。結果顯示，適當的添加油脂提高飼糧中能量濃度，能有效改善產蛋率及蛋重，蛋殼厚度、蛋殼重及蛋黃亮度也能增加，並減少血液中總膽固醇及三酸甘油酯濃度。根據上述二次試驗結果，建議在使用豐富化籠飼系統時，適當的飼養密度為每籠20隻，飼養空間為每隻蛋雞1,500 cm2；飼糧的能量濃度，則可以依業者所需調整，適當範圍為2,900 ± 150 kcal/kg。
並列摘要
In 1999, the European Union passed the " European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC ", which requires EU member completely abolish laying hens in single cages since 2012. Although traditional cage layer feeding has the advantages of increasing stock density, increasing egg production, controlling coccidiosis and easier observation of chicken health, but each chicken has insufficient feeding area, restricting chicken movement, poor ventilation, cause feather pecking behavior and increase the risk of contracting the disease. Laying hens need to have safe and undisturbed space during laying. Research and development of enriched cage feeding can offer better environment and improve egg production performance. The first experiment was raised at different stocking densities, with traditional single cage (control group) and enriched cages with low density of 15, medium density of 20, and high density of 30 hens per cage (feeding areas of 2,000, 1,500 and 1,000 cm2/birds, respectively). The results showed that the feed conversion ratio was significantly better in the medium-density group than other three groups. In the case of eggshell strength, the high-density group of enriched cage was significantly improved. In terms of behavioral observation, the medium and high-density groups of enriched cage had significantly higher perching behavior. Feather scores showed significant feather damage in the high-density group. In summary, the medium-density of enriched cage feeding hens can improve feed conversion ratio, increase eggshell strength, and increase perching behavior. However, high-density of enriched cage feeding can cause damage to the feathers of the hens. The second experiment was to study the dietary energy concentration on layers performances in enriched cage feeding system. Three groups of dietary ME were 2,750, 2,900 and 3,050 kcal/kg, respectively. The results showed that dietary oil supplementation can increase the energy concentration in the diets, which could effectively improve the egg production rate, egg weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell weight and egg yolk brightness, and reduce the total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in the blood. It is recommended that appropriate dietary energy concentration can improve the performances of the laying hens in the enriched cage feeding system. According to the above two experiments, in the enriched cage feeding system for laying hens is recommended that the stocking density be at 20 birds per cage (1,500 cm2/head), and the energy concentration of the diet should be adjusted accordingly at about 2,900 kcal ME/kg.