- 學位論文
含焚化再生粒料的控制性低強度回填材料(CLSM)應用於道路工程之研究
Study on Controlled Low Strength Material Contents of Incinerating Recycled Aggregate on the Road Construction Application
摘要
都市的發展及工商業的進步，人口大量增加，隨之而來的是大量廢棄垃圾的產生，也造成垃圾處理的問題。政府於民國 80 年訂定「垃圾處理方案」，以「焚化為主、掩埋為輔」為垃圾處理之主要方向，訂定相關計畫方案興建垃圾焚化廠，以達成垃圾焚化處理目標。又於民國 92 年擬訂「垃圾處理方案之檢討與展望」政策方針，以「源頭減量、資源回收」為主，推動「垃圾零廢棄」，提倡以綠色生產、綠色消費、源頭減量、資源 回收、再使用及再生利用等方式，將資源廢棄物有效循環利用，逐步達成垃圾全回收、零廢棄之目標。 在經過資源化處理後，可製成再生粒料，以替代天然粒料，作為工程材料使用，已成為各國推動焚化底渣再生粒料的趨勢。公共工程委員會於民國 106 年將施工綱要規範納入低密度再生透水混凝土、級配基底層、CLSM。美國混凝土學會 ACI229 之定義:「控制性低強度材料主要用來替代傳統回填夯實所使用的材料，是一種具自我充填(Self-Compacting)性質的黏結材料」，針對焚化再生粒料取代天然粒料的 CLSM 而言國內並無完整的法令規範，許多預拌混凝土廠商及 CLSM 的使用單位仍無法有一標準的規範來依循。 本研究係參酌相關文獻，針對崁頂焚化廠之垃圾焚化底渣為實驗材料，分不同採樣時間收集材料，並以相同水泥用量、水灰比為 1.50，水固比則為 0.14，粗細粒料用以 1：1 配比製作試體，探討不同的焚化再生粒料取代部分天然粒料對 CLSM 材料強度及工作性的影響，結果顯示 1.以焚化再生粒料取代 30%以下之天然粒料時，抗壓強度可達 55 kgf/cm2 以上。2.取代 30%～50%之天然粒料時，抗壓強度可達 40 kgf/cm2 至60kgf/cm2。3.取代 50%以上之天然粒料時，抗壓強度僅 40 kgf/cm2以下。由此結果可知，焚化再生粒料之取代量越大抗壓強度有越小的趨勢。在坍流度方面則均可符合公共工程委員會施工綱要規範 03377 章 40 公分以上的標準，但氯離子含量均超過規範規定 0.15kg/m3。而不同的工程用途則需要不同的配比，因此工程師設計要求及預拌混凝土廠的品質管理將決定 CLSM 品質的良窳。 雖然規範及研究成果均證明焚化再生粒料確實可用於工程上，但部分廠商未依規定使用，造成媒體、民眾及工程師的誤解。 攸關焚化再生粒粒料運用的成敗，本文最後乃針對執行面做研究建議，研擬含焚化再生粒料的 CLSM 之共同供應契約採購方案使工程司在運用時有完備的施工與技術規範及詳實的計量與計價依據。配合預拌混凝土廠輔導計畫的實施使焚化再生粒料的流向能有效管控，並確保工程材料之品質。另也建議主管機關應自訂自治條例或辦法強制規範工程在中央法規允許的範圍內使用焚化再生粒料的相關產品以穩定焚化再生粒料的去化。 關鍵字：垃圾焚化底渣、焚化再生粒料、控制性低強度回填材料、預拌混凝土、共同供應契約
並列摘要
With the development of urbanization, industrialization and commercialization, a great number of people have increased, resulting in the problem of waste process and disposal. In 1990, the "Waste Treatment Plan" was formulated in Taiwan which indicates with incineration as the major focus and landfill as the supplementary focus for waste treatment, and worked out relevant plans to build waste incineration plants to achieve the goal of waste incineration. Again in 2003, "review and prospect of waste disposal plan" was proposed, it gives the first priority to "source reduction and recycling", and promotes "zero waste garbage", which advocates green production, green consumption, source reduction, recycling and reuse, that the resource waste may be recycled effectively, for achieving full recycle and the goal of zero waste step by step. After treatment, the incinerator bottom ash can be made into recycled granules to replace natural granules and use as engineering materials. It has become the major role of various countries to promote the recycled granules from incineration residue. The Public Works Committee incorporated the construction code into low density recycled pervious concrete, gradation substratum and CLSM in 2017. According to ACI229 of American concrete society, "controlled low-strength materials are mainly used to replace the materials used in traditional backfill, and are self-filling bonding materials". There are no complete laws and regulations in Taiwan regarding to the recycled aggregates to be used in CLSM instead of natural aggregates. Thus, many ready-mixed concrete manufacturers and CLSM users still do not have a standard specification to follow. In this study, based on relevant literature, the waste incineration residue of Kanding incineration Plant was used as experimental material, which were collected at different sampling times. The same cement dosage, water-cement ratio was 1.50, water-solid ratio was 0.14, and coarse and fine materials ratio was 1:1 for preparing test sample cylinder. The effects of different amount of incinerated recycled granule to replace part of natural granule on the strength and workability of CLSM were discussed. The results showed that (1) The compressive strength can reach to 55 kgf/cm2 when incinerated recycled particles replace natural granule less than 30%. (2) When replacing 30% ~ 50% natural granule, the compressive strength can reach 40 kgf/cm2 to 60 kgf/cm2. (3) The compressive strength is less than 40 kgf/cm2 when more than 50% of natural granule is replaced. The results indicate that the compressive strength tends to decrease with the increase of the replacement amount of incinerated recycled granules. In terms of slump flow, all of them can meet the standard of more than 40cm which listed in chapter 03377 of construction Program Code of Engineering Association, but the content of chloride ion is more than 0.15 kg/m3 which is stipulated in the Code. The design requirements of engineers and the quality of the ready-mixed concrete plant determine the quality of CLSM. Although regulations and research results have proved that incinerated recycled pellets can indeed be used in engineering, some manufacturers fail to use them in accordance with the regulations, resulting in misunderstandings among the media, public and engineers. This study aimed at making recommendations on the implementation of CLSM with incineration recycled granules, and developing a contract procurement scheme for CLSM with incineration recycled granules that the engineering department can have complete construction and technical specifications, detailed quantity and quotation basis in the application of CLSM. The flow direction of incinerated recycled granules could be effectively controlled and the quality of engineering materials could be ensured by implementing the guidance plan of ready-mixed concrete plant. In addition, it is suggested that the competent authorities should formulate their own self-governing regulations or measures to forcibly regulate the use of products related to incinerated reclaimed particles within the scope permitted by central regulations to stabilize the demineralization of incinerated reclaimed particles. Keywords: Waste Incineration Bottom Ash, Incinerated Recycled Aggregates, Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), Ready-Mixed Concrete, Contract Procurement Scheme.