部落山林養雞知識內容分析及環境監測之研究

山林養雞係以低密度、小規模、友善環境及兼顧動物福祉的方式，本研究分析牡丹鄉部落山林養雞之知識內容及特點，並探討林下養雞環境監測應予評估之項目。以屏東縣牡丹鄉推動部落山林養雞為例，蒐集牡丹鄉地方創生計畫及報告書，透過內容分析法建立牡丹鄉推動山林畜牧養雞之發展歷程及知識結構；此外，實地訪談投入中興紅羽 1982 土雞養殖之13名農友，以探討牡丹鄉農戶參與山林畜牧養雞之飼養動機、態度及認知。關於林下養雞之環境監測，蒐集國內外林間放牧雞隻對環境潛在影響之調查項目，並經三名學者專家意見，初擬林下養雞環境監測應包含項目，再據以發展專家意見問卷，第一次問卷發放於2021年9月，共調查15名專家學者，獲得林下養雞環境監測項目的專家意見聚焦；後於同年12月以層級分析法設計第二次專家問卷，完成14份問卷並分析各環境監測指標之權重。研究結果顯示，牡丹鄉山林養雞歷程可分為理念倡導期、技術輔導期、行銷經營期等三個時期15個工作項目；歸納山林養雞有八項特點，包含：適合放牧的飼養場域與雞舍、低密度適量飼養、採用本土特色品種、使用在地空白飼料、餵食具地方特色的副食品、排泄物循環再利用、講求肉品安全、防範野犬及野生動物侵襲。山林養雞的環境監測評估項目，應包含植物、土壤、野生動物、土壤侵蝕、環境、水質、成本及雞隻之影響等八構面 25 項指標，各構面較重要指標項目為：地被、化學性質、昆蟲、設置緩衝帶、地表水質量、生產成本、疾病情形。部落山林養雞知識管理研究結果，期有助於山林養雞整體知識的分享與創造，同時提升環境友善養雞的認知；發展林下養雞之整體環境監測項目建立科學指標，可為養雞列入林下經濟正面表列物種命題之政策評估參考。

關鍵字

部落山林養雞；內容分析；環境監測；層級分析法

並列摘要

Tribe chicken raising under forest(TCRUF) is an approach to raise chickens in a manner that takes into account low density, small scale, friendly environment and animal welfare. This study analyzes the knowledge and characteristics of TCRUF in Mudan Township, and examines the items that should be evaluated for environmental monitoring of chicken raising under forest. Taking the promotion of TCRUF at Mudan Township in Pingtung County as the study target, this study collected the regional revitalization projects and reports from Mudan Township and established a knowledge framework map of the development process in promoting chicken raising in Mudan Township by means of content analysis. Moreover, 13 farmers who were involved in NCHU 1982 chicken raising were interviewed, which were then organized by simple coding to explore the motivation, attitude, and perception of farmers in Mudan Township regarding their participation in chicken raising. In terms of the environmental monitoring of chicken raising under forest, this study collected survey items on the potential environmental impact of chicken raising under forest in Taiwan and abroad. We also consulted three scholars and experts, and initially drafted the items that should be included in the environmental monitoring of chicken raising under forest. Based on these items, the expert opinion questionnaires were then developed. The first questionnaire was released in September 2021, with 15 experts and academics surveyed to obtain the common opinions of the experts on the environmental monitoring items for chicken raising under forest. The second expert survey was designed using an analytic hierarchy process in December of the same year to complete 14 questionnaires and analyze the weights of the various environmental monitoring indicators. The study revealed that the process of chicken raising under forest in Mudan Township can be categorized into 15 work items in three periods, including the concept promotion period, technical guidance period, and marketing and operation period. There are eight characteristics of chicken raising under forest, including: suitable areas and chicken coops for raising chickens, low density and appropriate amount of rearing, use of local special breeds, use of local feed sources, feeding local special by-products, recycling of excrement, emphasis on meat safety, and prevention of wild dog and wild animal attacks. The environmental monitoring and evaluation items for chicken raising under forest should include 25 indicators in eight components: plants, soil, wild animals, soil erosion, environment, water quality, cost, and the impact of chickens. The more important indicators for each component are ground cover, chemical properties, insects, buffer zones, surface water quality, production costs, and disease conditions. The results of the research on knowledge management at TCRUF are expected to contribute to the overall knowledge sharing and creation in relation to chicken raising under forest. At the same time, the awareness of environment-friendly chicken raising will be enhanced. The scientific indicators of the overall environmental monitoring project for the development of chicken raising under forest can be used as a reference for the policy evaluation on the inclusion of chicken raising under forest economy as a positive listed species proposition.