- 學位論文
黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)蟲糞作為黃瓜栽培肥料之效果
Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Frass as a Fertilizer for Cucumber Cultivation
摘要
全球人口持續增長，為提高農作物產量以滿足消費者之需求，這導致農民過度的依賴化學肥料的使用，已對環境產生負面的影響。本研究以探討施用黑水虻糞及幼蟲消化物的友善施肥農法。黑水虻糞不但可作為氮營養源外，亦含有來自外骨骼的幾丁質，可透過幾丁質酶的誘導，刺激植物防禦的反應。不僅如此，甲殼素的去乙醯衍生物殼聚醣，也被認為對植物健康和營養有益。本研究分成兩階段，第一階段（2022年9月至10月）、第二階段試驗一（2023年11月至2023年1月）和第二階段試驗二（2023年4月至2023年6月）。試驗地點位於台灣屏東縣， 使用來自當地飼養場的黑水虻糞，在溫室中以不同濃度的黑水虻糞栽培小黃瓜。在第一階段，將黑水虻糞以5％（BSF5）和10％（BSF10）的體積濃度，與泥炭土混合作為栽培介質，並與化學肥料（N：P：K 20-20-20）進行比較。六週後根據所測量的株高、葉片數和果實產量數據結果顯示，BSF10組是最佳的施用濃度。第二階段的兩次試驗中，每盆分別施用70、90、110公克的黑水虻糞，作為小黃瓜栽培的肥料，並分別施用化學肥料。而第二階段試驗調查增加果實收穫產量、栽培介質之酸鹼值、電導度及葉片組織的幾丁質酶活性之項目。第二階段試驗結果顯示，黑水虻糞加化學肥的施用組合，其植物生長參數表現最佳。在兩個試驗中，只有黑水虻糞加化學肥的組合能採收≥120克的果實重量。而幾丁質酶活性分析結果顯示，只有單獨施用70克、110克，以及110克黑水虻糞加化學肥的組合，其樣品有檢測出幾丁質酶。其中，單獨施用黑水虻糞之栽培介質的酸鹼值超過6，而電導度（1:10）結果均高於對照組。黑水虻糞的樣本檢測結果顯示，酸鹼值和電導度（1:10）分別為4.41和5.22 dS/m。而黑水虻糞的營養成分檢測結果顯示，氮（2.14％）是主要的大量營養元素；殼聚糖濃度為583μg/ml。在最後的實驗中，探討不同濃度的黑水虻糞萃取液（200g:L、100g:L、20g:L、10g:L），為研究小黃瓜幼苗期之生長影響，並分別調查株高、葉數、莖徑及葉綠素含量之項目。莖徑和SPAD葉綠素含量等生長參數結果顯示，當與對照組相比時具有統計上的差異，應用200g:L和100g:L的黑水虻糞萃取液表現出最佳的結果。本研究結論表示，無法僅施用黑水虻糞作為小黃瓜栽培之肥料，但施用黑水虻糞並混合化學肥料之施肥方法，是可提高小黃瓜果實之產量，進而減少化學肥料的施用量。 關鍵字: 黑水虻, 甲殼素, 幾丁質酶, 幾丁聚醣, 小黃瓜, 肥料, 昆蟲排泄物
並列摘要
Global population increase has caused farmers to rely heavily on chemical fertilizers for higher crop production outputs to satisfy consumer demands. These practices have been known to negatively impact the environment. This research aimed to examine an eco-friendly means of fertilizing by using black soldier fly (BSF) frass- residue and digested material from insect larvae. In addition to being a nitrogen nutrient source, frass possesses a chitinous exoskeleton which acts as an elicitor to stimulate plant defense through a chitinase enzymatic response. More than this, chitin’s deacetylated derivative- chitosan- is also known to have nutritional and health benefits to plants. In this study, the experimental phases: phase 1 (Sept-Oct 2022), phase 2 trial 1 (Nov-Jan 2023) and phase 2 trial 2 (Apr-Jun 2023)- was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Pingtung, Taiwan by growing cucumbers in substrates with different concentrations of BSF frass collected from a local rearing farm. In phase 1, BSF frass was mixed in a soilless peat base media in volume concentrations of 5% (BSF5) and 10% (BSF10) frass as growing substrates, and compared to a chemical fertilizer (N:P:K 20-20-20). After six weeks, results showed the BSF10 group as the most favorable treatment according to weekly measured parameters of plant height, leaf number and fruit production. From this, the phase 2 fertilizer concentration range of BSF frass (70g; BSF10, 90g, 110g/pot), with and without chemical fertilizer (NPK), was established. Additional measured parameters of fruit yield, substrate pH, E.C and chitinase activity of leaf tissue as a plant health indicator were added. Compared to control groups, both trials ended with groups from the BSF frass + NPK showing the best results in the different growth parameters. Successful harvesting of suitable fruits (≥120g) for yield quantification in both trials was only observed in groups with treatment of BSF frass + NPK. The test for chitinase showed significant detections for samples only from groups with frass: 70g, 110g and 110g+NPK. The effect of these fertilizer treatments on the plant growth media showed an above 6 pH value for all BSF frass stand-alone groups, while their E.C.1:10 values were all higher than the Control. Chemical properties as these of the BSF frass by itself were also tested, revealing 4.41 and 5.22dS/m for pH and E.C.1:10 respectively. Additionally, information on the nutrient contents of the frass was outsourced and the returned results had notable macronutrient observations of nitrogen highest (2.14%). The estimated chitosan concentration in the BSF frass was measured and calculated to be a low 583μg/ml. In a final experiment, different BSF frass liquid extract dilutions of 200g:L, 100g:L, 20g:L and 10g:L (frass:water) were tested on cucumber seedlings. Growth parameters of height, leaf number, stem thickness and SPAD chlorophyll content showed that the best results came from the 200g:L and 100g:L dilutions when compared to the control group. The findings of this research concluded that a complete replacement of inorganic fertilizers with this tested BSF frass is not likely. However, a supplementation of this BSF frass with chemical fertilizers can provide quality crop production. Keywords: Black soldier fly, Chitin, Chitinase, Chitosan, Cucumbers, Fertilizer, Frass