教槽餵養對於仔豬和母豬性能之影響

仔豬離乳期間的管理是養豬生產中最具挑戰性的任務之一。離乳時，仔豬面臨無數的緊迫，例如營養上的轉換，與母豬及同窩仔豬分離，環境轉換及運輸過程等等。這些緊迫可能導致此階段仔豬採食量降低，進而提高腸道結構和功能受損的風險，導致生長遲滯。已有許多研究探討減少仔豬離乳緊迫的策略，本研究之目的是評估教槽餵養對仔豬生產性能、母豬背脂厚度和離乳至發情間隔（Weaning-to-estrus interval, WEI）的影響，以提供減少仔豬離乳緊迫的策略參考。本研究使用商業豬場71頭藍瑞斯與約克夏的二品系雜交母豬及他們的仔豬。母豬被隨機分配到3個處理中，平均胎次為3.2-3.4。處理組A（TA）於仔豬出生後第10天開始教槽餵養，處理組B（TB）在第28天開始給予教槽料，控制組（TC）則不提供教槽料。處理組在研究階段每日每欄給予100g商業人工乳作為教槽飼料，每日採食量通過稱量剩餘飼料作記錄並換上新的飼料。於出生後第3天（交叉寄養後）、第33天（離乳）及第43天（離乳後10天）測量仔豬個別體重。本研究另測量生產後，離乳及配種時母豬P10背脂厚度，同時會記錄母豬離乳再發情間距及配種率。離乳後，同組別的仔豬會放在同一欄，以商業人工乳任飼餵養，記錄每欄1日、3日與10日總採食量再換算個別採食量。離乳後一週內，每日記錄各組之糞便指數。研究結果顯示，各處理組間母豬背脂厚度或背脂流失量、離乳至發情間隔和配上率並無顯著上的差異。各組別間仔豬體重，平均日增重及死亡率沒有統計上顯著差異。離乳後1周裡，與TC相比，TA與TB之糞便指數較低，具有顯著上的差異（P < 0.05），顯示教槽料給予組的糞便性狀較對照組優。TA之糞便指數顯著低於TB（P < 0.05）。此外，離乳當日至離乳後10日，TA與TB之採食量、平均日採食量顯著高於TC。但在平均日增重上並未呈現顯著差異。綜上所述，適當時間進行教槽可以讓仔豬提前適應固體飼料進而降低離乳後下痢現象及提高採食量，可做為降低仔豬離乳緊迫之參考策略。

關鍵字

背脂厚度；母豬；教槽；離乳緊迫；仔豬

並列摘要

Management of piglets during weaning is one of the most challenging tasks in pig production. At weaning, piglets are subjected to numerous stresses leading to growth retardation, such as nutritional transitions, separation from the sow and littermates, and changes in the environment. These stresses may lead to lower feed intake in piglets. Reduced feed intake is a major risk factor for damage to intestinal structure and function, so low feed intake in weaned piglets should be avoided to the greatest extent possible. Numerous studies have explored strategies to reduce weaning stresses in piglets. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effect of creep feeding on performance of piglet, backfat thickness and weaning to estrus interval (WEI) of sows to provide reference in strategy of reducing weaning stresses. Seventy-one sows (Landrace x Yorkshire) and their litters were used in this experiment. Sows were randomly assigned to 3 treatments with an average parity of 3.2-3.4. Creep feeding was initiated at day 10 and 28 from birth for treatment A (TA) and treatment B (TB), respectively, and the control group (TC) was not provided creep feed. TA and TB were given 100g of commercial starter feed per pen every day. During the experimental period, daily creep feed intake was determined. Individual piglet body weight was obtained on day 3 (after cross-fostering), day 33(weaning) and day 43(10 days after weaning). The P10 backfat thickness of sows was measured on post farrowing, weaning and mating. Weaning to estrus interval and breeding rate were also recorded. After weaning, piglets were kept in the same pen according to their treatments. Commercial starter feed was fed as ad-libitum and total feed intake on the 1st, 3rd and 10th days after weaning were recorded in each pen. The fecal score was observed from day 1 to 7 after weaning. Results showed that there were no significant differences on backfat thickness, backfat loss, weaning to estrus interval and pregnancy rate of sows among treatments. Also, there were no statistically significant differences on piglet body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and mortality among the treatments. In the first week after weaning, the fecal score of TA and TB were significantly lower than that of TC (P < 0.05). The fecal score of TA was significantly lower that of TB (P < 0.05). In addition, from the day of weaning to 10 days after weaning, the feed intake and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of TA and TB were significantly higher than those of TC. However, the average daily weight gain of three treatments were not statistically different. In summary, creep feeding may allow piglets adapt to solid feed, thereby reducing fecal score and increasing feed intake. It should be able to effectively help piglets to reduce the stresses of weaning.