臺中市民眾幸福感影響因素與改進策略

2012年聯合國公佈第一份《世界幸福報告》成為世界首份以幸福為基礎的國際調查報告，幸福感也逐漸成為全球大眾重視的議題。近年來，台灣縣市施政滿意度也將幸福感列為指標之一。2004年起，台灣的《天下雜誌》根據經濟合作暨發展組織的「美好生活指數」指標（Better Life Index）編製了《幸福城市大調查》，自此幸福感和縣市競爭力及施政滿意度的關係越來越密切。2017年至2022年臺中市的排名除2021年外都落在後段班。究竟有那些因素影響民眾對臺中市居住的整體生活滿意度及幸福感評價，值得深入了解以提供改善民眾滿意度與幸福感的策略。由於民眾主觀的實際幸福感與天下雜誌幸福城市調查的排名有所落差。因此，本研究排除客觀指標，透過實際居住在臺中市的民眾對環境力、社福力、經濟力、文教力及施政力的生活感受直接評估他們的主觀幸福感。本研究除探討主要國家生活水準與幸福感的關係外，也希望瞭解影響臺中市居民幸福感的相關生活品質的因素，並且進一步提出改善臺中市居民滿意度與幸福感可行的具體方案。本研究參酌《幸福城市大調查》及OECD衡量主觀福利指引，將影響幸福感量的因素分為環境力(5個題項)、社福力(4個題項)、經濟力(4個題項)、文教力(3個題項)及施政力(5個題項)五個構面編制問卷，並分析它們對民眾幸福感的影響，並透過便利抽樣法從google表單網路調查及老人福利機構面對面訪談獲得417份有效問卷，並以結構方程模型分析構面之間及構面對主觀幸福感的影響力。本研究各構面之KMO值，除民眾幸福感外，均高於0.6以上；Bartlett檢定均具有顯著性，符合進行因素分析；Cronbach’α係數值為0.926，各項構面的Cronbach’α值，除主觀幸福感外，其餘均達到0.7以上之水準，故本研究量表具有良好的信度。至於不同性別、年齡層、教育程度、同居人數、職業別、行政區別、居所對環境力、社福力、文教力與施政力回應未達統計上顯著差異；而環境力、社福力、文教力與施政力對受訪者主觀幸福感達統計上顯著正相關，多元廻歸模型實證模型顯示環境力(廻歸係數為0.558)與社福力(廻歸係數為0.572)是影響台中市民眾幸福感的重要因素，其中環境力中「居住環境生活品質」越高、社福力中「遇到困難親友提供幫助」越積極、以及「醫療資源充足度」越高，則民眾幸福感越高。相對地，建議有效改進環境力中「交通狀況的整體滿意度」及「居住環境品質如空氣與噪音污染的滿意度」，及實質提升福利力中「長期照護政策執行滿意度」及「扶助弱勢族群的政策滿意度」，將可顯著提高臺中市民眾幸福感。

關鍵字

幸福感；生活滿意度；居住環境品質

並列摘要

In 2012, the United Nations released the first "World Happiness Report", which becoming the world's first international survey report based on happiness. The significance of happiness has gradually become a global concern. In recent years, the satisfaction with governance in various counties and cities in Taiwan has also included happiness as one of its indicators. Since 2004, Taiwan's "Common Wealth Magazine" has compiled the "Happiness City Survey" based on the OECD's "Better Life Index." Since then, the relationship between happiness and the competitiveness and satisfaction with governance of counties and cities has become increasingly prominent. From 2017 to 2022, Taichung City's ranking remained relatively low, except for 2021. What factors exactly influence the overall life satisfaction and happiness evaluation of residents living in Taichung City? It is worth delving into this to provide strategies for improving the satisfaction and happiness of the people. Due to the discrepancy between individuals' subjective happiness and the rankings in the "Happiness City Survey," this study excludes objective indicators and directly assesses their subjective happiness based on residents' feelings about environmental, social welfare, economic, cultural, educational, and governance aspects. This study not only explores the relationship between the quality of life and happiness in major countries but also aims to understand the factors related to residents' happiness in Taichung City. Furthermore, it proposes specific measures to improve residents' satisfaction and happiness. This study draws upon the "Happiness City Survey" and OECD guidelines for measuring subjective well-being. It categorizes factors influencing happiness into five dimensions: Environmental Strength (5 items), Social Welfare Strength (4 items), Economic Strength (4 items), Cultural and Educational Strength (3 items), and Governance Strength (5 items). It then analyzes their impact on people's happiness. Through convenience sampling, 417 valid questionnaires were obtained via online surveys using Google Forms and face-to-face interviews with elderly welfare institutions. The study employs a structural equation model to analyze the relationships between dimensions and their impact on subjective happiness. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin values for each dimension, except for People's Happiness, are all above 0.6. The Bartlett's test is significant, confirming the suitability for factor analysis. The Cronbach's α coefficient is 0.926, and the Cronbach's α values for each dimension, except for People's Happiness, exceed the threshold of 0.7, indicating good reliability of the scale. Regarding gender, age, education level, household size, occupation, administrative division, and the influence of residence on environmental, social welfare, cultural, educational, and governance aspects, there were no statistically significant differences in responses. However, environmental, social welfare, cultural, and governance strengths are statistically significantly positively correlated with respondents' subjective happiness. The multiple regression model empirically demonstrates that Environmental Strength (regression coefficient 0.558) and Social Welfare Strength (regression coefficient 0.572) are crucial factors affecting residents' happiness in Taichung City. Within Environmental Strength, higher "residential environment quality" and more positive experiences of "receiving help from friends and family in times of difficulty," as well as higher "adequacy of medical resources," lead to higher levels of happiness among residents. Conversely, it is suggested to effectively improve "overall satisfaction with transportation conditions" and "satisfaction with environmental quality aspects such as air and noise pollution" within Environmental Strength. Additionally, enhancing the "satisfaction with the execution of long-term care policies" and "satisfaction with policies assisting vulnerable groups" within Social Welfare Strength could significantly increase residents' happiness in Taichung City.