- 學位論文
張天師與動態繪本故事創作-以五斗米教與歸安魚怪為例
Zhang Tianshi and dynamic Illustrated Story Writing-A Case Study of Wudoumi religion and Guei an County monster fish
摘要
台灣是一個宗教信仰相當自由的國家。也因為這種自由的信仰，台灣宗教信仰具多元性、包容性，據台灣內政部公布的統計結果，台灣有多達二十七種宗教信仰，包括佛教、道教、基督教、天主教、伊斯蘭教等歷史悠久的五大宗教；也有源自本土或本土色彩強烈的一貫道、儒教、彌勒大道；另外，還有不少外來宗教，如天理教、摩門教及統一教等。台灣對於宗教的多元性、包容性實屬難能可貴，內政部長江宜樺表示，台灣寺廟或教會教堂密度相當高，與世界各國相比，誠屬罕見，不僅展現出本地人包容多元宗教的文化特性，也顯示出各宗教在這塊土地上相互尊重、交流融合的珍貴價值("台灣宗教多元化但較難接受基督宗教信仰," 2011)。這能反映出台灣民眾對於宗教上多元化的現象，更能了解台灣民眾對於他國文化的包容與尊重。然而，每個國家不管有多少宗教信仰，總是有該國家主要信仰的宗教。據2011年台灣內政部公布，台灣寺廟數量比教會教堂多出三倍，也表明台灣民眾遵奉傳統，民風保守，改變宗教信仰比較困難。內政部對宗教寺廟、教會、教堂的統計顯示，台灣地區寺廟近一萬二千座，教堂和教會總數祇有三千多座，其中基督教會佔四分之三，天主教堂不到四分之一。直至去年底，寺廟及教會教堂總數較零九年增加一百多座，近十年來增加兩千六百多座，主要為寺廟；平均每縣市寺廟、教會教堂有近七百座。以每萬人口計算，寺廟及教會教堂為六點六座，其中以連江縣七十二座最多、澎湖縣約廿一座居次，接下來是台東縣、金門縣、宜蘭縣和屏東縣，都是漁業人口較多的縣(天亞社．台北訊, 2011)。 台灣主教宗教為兩種，分別為「佛教」與「道教」，道教在台灣地區擁有為數眾多的信眾，是主要的宗教信仰之一。但是，在台灣這個文化大融爐中，因為過多的宗教反而無法聚焦在自己所信的宗教上，甚至混淆；也因為混淆的關係，甚至出現混合「佛教」與「道教」的「台灣佛教」出現。本研究希望能讓台灣民眾能更理解「道教」，因此蒐集道教始祖─張天師的傳統故事與臺灣地區有關張天師的宗教傳說，以釐清道教的特色與區別，更透過對張天師的形象研究，製作出動態繪本的形式，傳達張天師除奸扶弱與仙風道骨的正義形象。在製作過程中，與各個專業人士和老師討論，以學齡前幼兒為主要觀看對象並進行製作，期望能以間單且有趣的繪本風格來讓學齡前幼兒了解張天師在台灣道教文化中的深刻影響。 本研究期望以張天師的傳說故事來製作學齡前幼兒的電子故事繪本，以期望讓學齡前幼兒能夠學習到台灣在地文化與道教，並且希望能從張天師的形象中學習到「正直」與「智慧」。在製作過程中，本研究先從宗教動畫的比較中了解宗教故事的表達方式與其畫面特點，期望利用研究結果來加強宗教繪本的正確性與畫面表達方式，在這次研究中發現宗教畫面四個群體導向「劇情導向群」、「畫面表達群」、「故事敘述群」與「背景色彩群」，以歷史故事為主軸的宗教動畫，其組群會比較落在「劇情導向群」與「故事敘述群」。而直接利用經典為故事的作法，其組群相對會較易落在「畫面表達群」與「背景色彩群」範圍，其說明主要為了避免過度的朗誦經典而產生無趣，適時會以畫面做渲染來吸引觀眾，成為此類型的主要重點。之後再利用問卷進行宗教動畫的構成手法研究，發現宗教理念與劇情的搭配是觀眾所重視的觀點之一，而越不熟識的角色越不能受到觀眾的接受。最後進行繪圖風格對於學齡前幼兒認同度與影響研究，發現學齡前幼兒對於畫面中的主題與故事的生活性與貼近性認同與影響最深。在創作過程中，兩種繪本風格─「潑墨水彩風格」與「Q版可愛風格」比較，發現「潑墨水彩風格」因畫面與缺乏顏色上較不適合學齡前幼兒觀看，因此本研究選擇「Q版可愛風格」進行製作。製作完成後發現，單純且直覺的劇情為學齡前幼兒電子繪本的根本，並電子繪本將是未來藝術表現主流之一，而將傳統故事融入宗教故事，並加以改善，讓學齡前幼兒更能融入繪本的閱讀中，是本研究日後的重要課題。
並列摘要
Taiwan values religious pluralism and faith liberty, so Taiwanese have religious multiplicity and toleration. In terms of the statistics compiled by the Ministry of the Interior, there are 27 distinct religions in Taiwan where the main 3 categories are as follows: category 1: 5 main global religions with long history i.e. Buddhism, Taoism, Protestantism, Catholicism and Islamism; category 2: faiths originated locally or oriented locally e.g. I-Kuan Tao, Confucianism and Maitreya Great Tao; and category 3: religions originated overseas e.g. Tenrikyo, Mormonism and Unification Church. It is amazing to see Taiwan values religious multiplicity and tolerance. According to Yi-huah Jiang Minister of the Interior, the religious buildings like temples or churches in Taiwan are pretty dense in contrast to those in other realms, which is seldom in other countries. This fact not only shows religious toleration of local residents i.e. the cultural quality but also implies the sublime value of mutual respect and fusion via exchanges of respective religions in Taiwan (Taiwan with religious pluralism has difficulty in accepting Christian faiths, 2011). In fact, this reflects that Taiwanese do accept plural faiths and illustrates how Taiwanese tolerate and respect foreign cultures, but each realm has its major faith(s) regardless the number of religions and faiths. According to the data compiled by the Ministry of the Interior in 2011, the quantity of the temples is three times of that of churches nationwide, which shows that it is hard for Taiwanese obeying traditional and conservative folkways to alter the faiths. By the statistics of religious hardware like temples and churches compiled by the Ministry of the Interior, there are nearly 12,000 temples and over 3,000 churches in Taiwan with the shares of Protestant and Catholic churches by 75% and under 25%, respectively. As of the end of 2015, there are over 100 newly built in comparison with the total in 2009 and there are over 2,600 newly built in the past decade where temples prevail. The average per city/county is nearly 700 and the mean per 10,000 persons is 6.6 where tops 1 and 2 go to Matsu Lienchiang County with 72 and Penghu County with 21, respectively and tops 3-6 go to Taitung County, Kinmen County, Yilan County and Pingtung County, respectively. The counties with major fishermen are with ownership of dense temples. (UCAN, Taipei, 2011) The leading 2 religions in Taiwan are Buddhism and Taoism where the latter owns a great number of followers in Taiwan. Notwithstanding, most followers fail to focus on one religion and even get confused owing to too many religions in Taiwan as a grand cultural fusion, which gives birth to Taiwan Buddhism that blends Buddhism and Taoism out of confusion. With the attempt to let the mass in Taiwan comprehend Taoism better, the author collected the folktales and legendary stories in Taiwan relating to Celestial Master Chang the Founder of Taoism (hereinafter Chang in short) to clarify and differentiate the Taoist features and essences. Besides, the just image of Chang committed to removal of mobs and help for the feeble and of his sage-like traits is conveyed via making a dynamic picture storybook in terms of the image study thereon, which is expected to let preschoolers know the profound influence of Chang on Taoism in Taiwan by making a simple fun picture storybook for preschoolers via queries with experts and teachers during the process. The author expects to make an electronic picture storybook for preschoolers based on legendary tales of Chang so as to make preschoolers acquire the local culture and Taoism in Taiwan and learn Honesty and Wisdom from his image. First, the author began with comparing the expressive methods and animated features of religious tales in religious animation and hoped to enhance the accuracy and picture expressive methods of religious picture storybooks. There are 4 groups of religious pictures identified as follows: Plot orientation, Picture expression, Story narration and Background color groups. The religious animated films based on historic stories are grouped to Plot orientation and Story narration groups whereas those based on scriptural classics are grouped to Picture expression and Background color groups to avoid boredom arising from excessive loud reading of scriptures via picture expression at certain time points. Second, the questionnaires survey applied to research on constitutional methods of religious animated clips and the findings highlight a fine match between plots and religious ideas stressed by viewers and the characters less known to the public unaccepted by viewers. Last, how preschoolers recognize the style of pictures and are affected thereby was investigated and the findings pinpoint that preschoolers recognize the themes of the pictures and the tales with high relatedness to daily life and intimacy and are affected thereby the most. During the making process, the following 2 styles were compared for making: ink painting and cute styles. It turned out that the former is inadequate due to ink graphics and lack of colors, so the cute style was adopted. After completion of making, the author identifies that the simple and intuitive plot is the base of preschoolers’ electronic picture storybooks and the electronic picture storybooks are the mainstream of art forms in the future, so it is a vital task to include conventional folktales in religious stories with proper revision to let preschoolers used to picture storybook reading.