各國兵役制度之比較研究

我國憲法指出：服兵役為國民應盡的義務，然各國的兵役制度卻不大相同。「每一種兵役制度都有其特點與利弊，選擇兵役制度是一項複雜且必須考量周延的工作。」近年來國軍擴大招募志願役士官兵，自民國106年起，我國進入了全募兵時代，透過提高軍人的待遇，藉以鼓勵青年從軍的意願。然全募兵的實施似乎也帶來了不少問題，諸如財政預算不足、社會人力結構改變、兵額招募供不應求，導致部隊人力吃緊等，引起社會的討論。　　本篇研究希望透過比較美國、英國、以色列、日本等國之兵制特點，分析其組織系統及軍隊任務，藉以找出我國適宜的兵役模式，孫子兵法云:「毋恃敵之不來，恃毋有以待之」，即所謂「止戈為武」的概念，由此顯見軍隊的重要性。　　「兵役制度的完整性，取決了軍隊的素質，更有可能影響一個國家的命運，可以說是立國的基礎」。所以，兵役制度所產生的影響力，不容小覷，而我國在面臨 2018年後國防政策的轉折變化後，兵役制度的變化為本研究討論的方向。

關鍵字

兵役制度；組織系統；軍隊任務；徵募並行；國民兵制度

並列摘要

The constitution of our country points out that: Compulsory military service is an obligation that the nationals should perform, but the military service system of each country is not the same. "Each military service system has its own characteristics and advantages and disadvantages. Selecting a military service system is a complicated task that must be considered." In recent years, the National Army has expanded the recruitment of volunteer officers and soldiers. Since the Republic of China in 106 years, China has entered the era of full recruitment. By encouraging the military’s treatment, the youth’s will is encouraged. However, the implementation of the all-round recruitment seems to have brought a lot of problems, such as insufficient budget, changes in the structure of social manpower, shortage of supply of recruits, resulting in tight manpower, causing social discussions. This study hopes to compare the organizational characteristics of the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Japan, and analyze their organizational systems and military missions, so as to find out the appropriate military service model in China. Sun Tzu’s Art of War: "The enemy can't make it." There is an expectation that the so-called concept of "stopping the country for the war" will show the importance of the military. "The integrity of the military service system directly determines the quality of the military, and indirectly affects the victory and defeat of the war and the rise and fall of the country. It is indeed the foundation for building an army and building the country." It can be seen that the scope of the military service system has a wide range of impacts, and it is really huge. After Taiwan has faced a change in the military service system after 2018, its strengths, weaknesses and impacts are the focus of this study.