以「聖戰」的角度反思 十字軍東征的歷史

當代提到聖戰，很自然地會聯想到穆斯林與以色列之間的衝突與戰爭，若是提到基督宗教的聖戰，中世紀的十字軍東征非常具有代表性。聖戰中的神聖與邪惡該如何界定？激發了我研究聖戰的興趣。本研究採用歷史研究法與文獻分析法。首先，筆者以舊約聖經、伊斯蘭與基督宗教的聖戰觀點作為研究的主要材料，接著將資料進行整理與比較後，建立起筆者認為最理想的聖戰觀點，稱之為「理想聖戰」。再來是收集十字軍東征的歷史資料，並進行整理與分析。最後，以理想聖戰之觀點，客觀地檢視與反思十字軍東征的歷史。　　在研究舊約、穆斯林與基督宗教的聖戰觀點後，筆者認為「理想聖戰」須具備以下三個重點：(1) 為所信仰之對象奮鬥，並表現在內在心靈或外在行為上；(2) 聖戰的動機需具備神聖意義；(3) 不過分追求、渴望戰爭，以愛與和平為宗旨。因為無論是舊約、穆斯林或基督宗教的聖戰觀都包含上述這三項重點。筆者認為基督宗教的聖戰觀最為崇高，因為在基督宗教的聖戰觀點中更包含受苦與犧牲的概念，並且不只是為了與自己親近的人，甚至是為了愛仇敵而受苦、犧牲。在研讀十字軍東征的文獻之後，筆者發現只有前期的十字軍東征具有犧牲、奉獻的精神，其餘中、後期的十字軍東征都具有複雜的政治、經濟、宗教目的之盤算。透過理想聖戰的標準檢視十字軍東征的歷史之後，筆者認為十字軍東征不符合理想聖戰的精神，且與其精神相距甚遠。　　本研究提出以下六點反思：(一) 學習接納與包容。(二) 更加謙卑。(三) 學習基督的樣式。(四) 彼此相愛。(五) 審慎追求世俗權力。(六) 聖戰不該成為戰爭的理由。

關鍵字

聖戰；十字軍東征；理想聖戰；舊約聖經；伊斯蘭；基督宗教

並列摘要

When it comes to “holy war” of this generation, it comes very naturally to think　of conflicts and wars between Muslims and Israel. When it comes to Christian holy wars, the medieval Crusades are very representative. How to define the holy and evil in holy wars? It aroused my interest in studying holy wars. This research adopts the method of historical research and literature analysis. First of all, the author takes the Old Testament, Islamic and Christian views of holy wars as the main research materials, and then organizes and compares the data to establish what I think is the most ideal view of holy war, which is called "ideal holy war". The next step is to collect historical data of the Crusades, organize and analyze them. Finally, from the perspective of ideal holy war, objectively examine and reflect on the history of the Crusades. After studying the views of holy war of the Old Testament, Muslims, and Christians, the author believes that "ideal holy war" must have the following three key points: (1) fighting for the object of belief, and manifesting it in inner mind or outer behavior; (2) The motivation for holy war must have a sacred meaning; (3) Do not pursue excessively, long for war, and use love and peace as the purpose. The author believes that the Christian view of holy war is the most noble, because it includes the concept of suffering and sacrifice, and not only for those close to one, but also for the love of enemies. After studying the literature of the Crusades, the author found that only the early Crusades had the spirit of sacrifice and dedication, while the rest of the Crusades in the middle and late stages had complex political, economic, and religious calculations. After examining the history of the Crusades through the standards of ideal holy war, the author believes that the crusades did not conform to the spirit of ideal holy war and were far from its spirit. This study proposes the following six points of reflection: (1) Learning acceptance and tolerance. (2) Greater humility. (3) Learn the likeness of Christ. (4) Love each other. (5) Prudent pursuit of secular power. (6) Holy war should not be an excuse for war.