捷克與斯洛伐克憲政體制抉擇之比較

捷克與斯洛伐克這兩國有極為相似的歷史背景：近代史上同被奧匈帝國統治、一戰後同組捷克斯洛伐克共和國、二戰時同被納粹德國統治、二戰後同被蘇聯控制，第三波民主化後也同為新興的後列寧民主國家，甚至在經濟發展程度上也極為相似。1993 年初，捷克與斯洛伐克分家後兩國都採用內閣制，接著斯洛伐克在1999 年與捷克在2012 相繼採用總統直選制度，至此兩國都進入半總統制。我們可以問為什麼這兩個在民主化初期採用內閣制的國家會相繼採行半總統制？我們可以進一步追問的是，為何兩國採用總統直選的時間上又差了那麼久？本文將先回顧憲政體制抉擇的理論，並對兩國憲政體制的抉擇與演化做出解釋。最後，作者將以捷克與斯洛伐克兩國憲政演化經驗之啟示，提出給同屬於第三波民主化後新興民主國家的臺灣，作為未來推動憲改時之參考。

關鍵字

捷克；斯洛伐克；憲政體制；內閣制；半總統制

並列摘要

Czech Republic and Slovakia have similar historical backgrounds: they both had been ruled by Austro-Hungarian Empire, combined together to be Czechoslovakia after world war I, been ruled by Nazi Germany and USSR during and after world war II, and become newly post-Leninist democratic countries. In 1993, both Czech Republic and Slovakia adopt parliamentary system. However, Slovakia instituted popular presidential election in 1999, and so did Czech Republic in 2012. Until then, both countries are semi-presidential. The author tries to explain why these two countries changed their constitutional order from parliamentary system to semi-presidential system by the theories of constitutional choice. In the last part of this paper, the author will give some suggestions of constitutional reform to Taiwan according to the experiences of Czech Republic and Slovakia.