1943年初至華盛頓會議參謀首長聯席會議之太平洋戰略分析

1943 年，這是美國加入二次世界大戰的第三年，同盟國對於軸心國的作戰雖然有些進展，例如收復北非等地，但德、日等法西斯國家仍然負隅頑抗，尚無棄械投降的跡象，尤其是盟軍的對日作戰，在中國和緬甸戰場上，受到日軍嚴重的阻擾，盟軍始終無法協助國軍克復緬甸，打通通往中國的道路，進而導致國民政府對日抗戰，出現孤立無援的敗壞景象。為了解決中緬戰區的軍事困境，以及協調盟軍的戰略規畫，美英兩國領袖乃在1943 年，召開了數次的聯合軍事會議，以求協調出齊一的軍事步驟。在這些會議中，同年5 月所舉行的「華盛頓會議」，重要性不言可喻。因為這次會議，除了集合美英關鍵的政治與軍事首腦出席，討論歐洲戰區與太平洋、緬甸戰區之外，身為同盟的中國，也首次在蔣中正委員長的堅持下，由宋子文代表國府參與會議，就中國所處的戰爭困境進行分析。在這次出席的美國將領中，仍是以剛成立的臨時性組織參謀首長聯席會議為主。究竟這個美方軍事組織如何分析同盟國對軸心國，尤其是太平洋戰區的戰略，以及如何定位中國的軍事角色，這是頗值得探討的議題，也是本文主要研究的目的。

關鍵字

第二次世界大戰；參謀首長聯席會議；華盛頓會議

並列摘要

In 1943, this is the third year the United States joined World War II, the Allies for the Axis war, although some progress, such as North Africa and other places to recover, but Germany, Japan and other countries are still a last-ditch fascist, not yet surrendered, especially in the Allied war against Japan, China and Myanmar on the battlefield by the Japanese seriously disrupt the Allies never been able to recover the Burmese military assistance, open up the road to China, which led the National Government to Japanese war, corruption appears isolated scene. In order to solve the China-Burma theater of military dilemma, and the coordination of the Allied strategic planning, in 1943, the leader of the United States and Britain held some joint military meetings, in order to coordinate a military step at a time. In these meetings, “the Washington Conference” held in May of the same year, the importance of not self-evident. Because of this meeting, in addition to a collection of key US and British political and military leaders attended the discussion beyond the European theater and the Pacific, Burma theater, as allies of China, but also for the first time at the insistence of the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek by T. V. Soong to participate in the meeting on behalf of the State, the analysis on China which war difficult position. The members of Joint Chiefs of Staff, which American temporary and newly military organization, is still U.S. major military participants in the Washington Conference. What the US military organization on how to analyze the Allies to Axis strategies, especially Pacific Theater, and how to position Chinese military role, it is worth researching the issue, but also the purpose of this major study.