- 期刊
清世祖順治的「治漢與漢化」
The Emperor Sungei to Govern the Hans and Evolved into the Hanization
摘要
在中國，以少數族群對多數漢人治理，清朝算是當中翹楚。滿州兵勇所向披靡，但是佔領城池後，對語言習俗不相同的漢人治理，並不容易。所使用的方法便是：運用漢人治理漢人，讓漢人能「被其所用」，甚至「甘願臣服」。范文程的謀略，在清朝初年，一直是重要的方略指引。滿洲興起後，因范文程的見識、智謀，讓努爾哈赤開始了對漢臣的重視；皇太極則善用范文程等漢臣的才略；順治親政十年間，更進一步走入漢文化的學習，為清朝確定了「以漢治漢」的模式，更形成「因治國而漢化」的結果。本篇，就順治親政十年間，「重用漢臣、穩固君權」、「崇尚漢文化」及「漢文化的學習」三個部分，探討清朝帝王因為治漢的政策，與逐步走向漢化的過程。
並列摘要
In ancient China, the Qing Dynasty had been among the most distinguished exotic regimes which successfully governed the majority Hans. The Manchurian soldiers were such an invincible armed force that they took over all the cities effortlessly, however, it was never easy to govern the Hans whose languages and customs were quite different from the Manchurians. The method adopted was: to govern the Hans by the Hans, which means ”to appoint the Hans officials” and ultimately make them ”willing to yield obedience to the ruling authority”.Fan, Wen-Cheng's governing strategies had been the important guidance in the early years of the Qing Dynasty. Admiring Fan, Wen-Cheng's extensive knowledge and the resourceful strategies he had made, Nurhachu began to value and rely heavily on the Han officials after Manchurians' rising to power. His successor Huangtaigei also counted on Fan, Wen-Cheng and other Han officials for supports, and later during Sungei's ten years of ruling, studying the Han culture became the irresistible trend, and the model of ”to govern the Hans by the Hans” was further established. Subsequently, the measures based on governance needs evolved into the comprehensive Hanization.This journal will focus on ”Appointments of the Hans as officials for regime solidification”, ”Reverence for the Han culture”, and ”Study of the Han culture” during Sungei's ten years of ruling, to discuss how the governance policy for the Hans had influenced the Qing emperors and made them Hanized eventually.