歸來壓扁翠雲鬟：琉球竹枝詞中的女性角色與社會生活

本文以清代中國琉球冊封使創作的竹枝詞為核心，以文化書寫的角度出發，探討琉球竹枝詞中的女性角色與社會生活。在中國使節的書寫中，琉球地區女性的服飾、玳瑁簪、手部上的刺青反映了中國使節對於琉球女性性別與文化的認識。除了一般女性成為使節書寫的對象外，紅衣土妓是琉球冊封使節們書寫的重要母題。中國使節餽贈的玳瑁簪成為了琉球土妓地位上升與中琉文化交流的象徵，琉球女性手臂上的刺青則反映著琉球國本地女子的另一種特殊的裝點，它們都成為了琉球王國形象最為鮮明的女性圖景之一。特別的是，琉球地區性別與經濟分工型態與中國大不相同，也成為中國使節關心與書寫的中心。在中國使節筆下，琉球女性是辛勤勞動的「頂運南姑」；相較之下，男性則是遊手好閒、不事生產的一群人。其中，琉球男性好逸惡勞幾乎成為了琉球冊封使特意渲染的精神特質，此固然有可能來自琉球冊封使的誤解，卻也無意間反映出農耕與海商文化型態的差異。總體來說，在中國使者眼中，琉球女性的印象主要來自紅衣土妓與頂運南姑，成為了歷來琉球竹枝詞中女性形象的基調，這同時也反映著中國使節的文化傾向與偏好，紅衣土妓與頂運南姑成為琉球王國特有的人間風景，琉球冊封使的著作同樣也成為形塑琉球王國文化意象的重要因素。最後，本文以琉球詩人蔡大鼎的中國女性書寫為例，藉此討論琉球女性在中國人們眼中的特殊性，以及中國琉球冊封使為何會在琉球王國感受到巨大的文化衝擊。

關鍵字

琉球；琉球冊封使；竹枝詞；婦女；徐葆光；李鼎元

並列摘要

The bamboo poems (竹枝詞) penned by the Chinese envoys in the Ryukyu Kingdom(琉球王國)during the Qing Dynasty are discussed in this paper, particularly in how the female and social life was perceived in Ryukyu bamboo poetry(琉球竹枝詞). The Chinese envoys’ view of the feminine in Ryukyu is profiled in narratives mentioning female clothes, jade hairpins and hand tattoos. Other than regular women, the Ryukyu bamboo poems contain motifs of local prostitutes attired in red. The jade hairpin present by the Chinese envoys serves both as a symbol of the emerging status of the red-garbed local prostitute and Chinese-Ryukyu cultural interaction. Further down we see the tattoo on the women’s hand, a special adornment innate to Ryukyu. These images and icons offer vivid images of the female in the Kingdom of Ryukyu. It's worth noting how the Chinese envoys spared no effort in describing the vast differences between China and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in regards to their economies and gender-ties. The Chinese envoys saw women in Ryukyu as hardworking while the men were layabouts. This might have been a misconception on the part of the Chinese envoys due to the cultural differences between their agrarian backgrounds and marine-based Ryukyu society. To the Chinese envoys, ＂the female＂ in Ryukyu is represented by the red-clothed local prostitute and other hardworking women who reflected their cultural preference. For these envoys, the red-garbed local prostitutes and hardworking women composed the unique landscape in the Kingdom of Ryukyu that inspired their poetry. The poetry of Cai Dading in Ryukyul give Chinese and Ryukyu women distinct attributes and the suggests a degree of culture shock experienced by the Chinese.