康有為戊戌奏請易服斷髮改元考辨

康有為《戊戌奏稿》中有〈請斷髮易服改元摺〉一篇，由於未發現原摺，學界對該摺真偽及能否反映戊戌時康有為變法思想等問題存在頗多爭議。本文分析戊戌年及之前的康有為進呈書、摺內容，將之與現存奏摺進行文本比較，再參證相關材料，指出戊戌年間康有為總結俄、日變法，尤其是日本明治維新經驗，明確提出易服、斷髮、改元等思想，並將改元易服作為變法綱領之一，意在為變法破除阻力、開闢道路。變法期間，康有為的急進策略和心態加劇了變法困境，在其他措施難以實行的情況下，康有為可能通過李岳瑞等人代奏，請求光緒採取易服、斷髮等措施以推動變法。現存奏摺為事後追記性補撰，以易服、斷髮破除變法阻力的主旨基本未變。摺中關於易服、斷髮的主要內容，或與戊戌時康有為進呈書、摺多有一致，或有戊戌時來源；改元內容尚難判斷，部分概念和提法可能為後來加入或改寫。現存奏摺大體可以反映戊戌時康有為易服、斷髮等變法思想和主張，涉及改元和其他一些內容需要謹慎。該摺與戊戌期間康氏其他書、摺共同反映出的易服、斷髮思想和行動，成為清季剪髮易服運動的源頭之一。

關鍵字

康有為；易服；斷髮；改元；戊戌變法

並列摘要

Kang Youwei's Draft Memorials of 1898 [戊戌奏稿] includes an essay on cutting queues, changing clothing, and reforming the reign title system. Since the original memorial has not been found, the authenticity of this published version has been questioned. This article analyzes the texts and memorials that Kang Youwei wrote in 1898 and compares them with this alleged memorial. It is generally true that Kang Youwei, inspired by the examples of Russia and Japan, explicitly proposed these reforms. He sought to limit resistance by pointing to Japan's successes with such reforms. However, during the actual Hundred Days of Reform, Kang Youwei's aggressive strategy rendered the reforms more difficult to carry out. When it proved hard to implement other measures, Zhang Yuanji and Li Yuerui may have acted on Kang Youwei's behalf to demand that Emperor Guangxu change his clothing to the Western style, and cut queues. The existing memorial is a retrospective account of the event, yet the key message of changing clothing and cutting queues was promoted at the time. These ideas tend to overlap with Kang Youwei's other texts and accounts in 1898, or can be traced back to 1898; however, the issue of reforming the reign title system remains uncertain, some concepts and formulations of which may have been added or revised afterwards. The existing memorial generally reflects Kang Youwei's ideas and propositions on clothing and hair in 1898, though for the reign title system and other issues no firm conclusion can be drawn.