從1950年代至1960年代國語文教科書看國民黨政府對華僑的政治宣傳

本文試圖從全球冷戰與國共內戰兩大脈絡下來分析：在1949年底撤退來臺的國民黨政府，是如何將其對華僑的理解與態度透過國語文教科書傳達給海外的華僑學生？課文中又宣傳怎麼樣的政治意圖？本文認為，為維持華僑的忠誠，國民黨政府必須在教科書中不斷強調中國、國父乃至國民黨的偉大，以及「中華民國是華僑之祖國」此一信念，卻也必須同時顧慮「僑居國」對於危害國家主權以及國族認同的顧慮，不能將華僑完全等同於本國國民般的來教導，必須宣導華僑要同時對祖國與僑居地效忠，也使華僑持續處在既非國人也非外國人的曖昧位置。除了重新定義與華僑的關係外，教科書更大力的宣傳「反共抗俄」之精神，並將國共內戰放在全球冷戰的世界脈絡下進行論述，同時強化臺灣作為復興基地的神聖形象，讓國語文教科書成為冷戰與國共內戰之中，最重要的政治宣傳工具之一。

關鍵字

政治宣傳；國族認同；冷戰；華僑教育；教科書

並列摘要

This article attempts to analyze how the KMT government, which retreated to Taiwan at the end of 1949, conveyed its understanding and attitude towards overseas Chinese to Chinese students through Chinese language textbooks, under the context of the global Cold War and the Chinese Civil War? and what political intentions were promoted in these textbooks? The article argues that in order to maintain the loyalty of overseas Chinese, the KMT government had to constantly emphasize the greatness of China, Sun Yat-sen, and the KMT in the textbooks, as well as the belief that "the Republic of China is the motherland of overseas Chinese". However, the KMT government also had to consider the concerns of the "host country" that this kind of education (or propaganda) could harm the "host country" own national sovereignty and national identity, which means that the KMT cannot educate overseas Chinese as its own citizens, but had to promote overseas Chinese's loyalty to both the motherland and the "host country", thus keeping overseas Chinese in an ambiguous position of neither being citizens nor foreigners. In addition to redefining the relationship with overseas Chinese, the textbooks vigorously promoted the spirit of "anti-communism and anti-Russia", and placed the Chinese Civil War in the global context of the Cold War, while also reinforcing Taiwan's image as a holy place for revival. As a result, Chinese language textbooks became one of the most important political propaganda tools in the midst of the Cold War and the Chinese Civil War.