中共黨國體系政治吸納下的私營企業主政治參與：影響與限制

改革開放後，新生經濟菁英階層對中共黨國體系的權力合法性基礎產生衝擊與挑戰，由於政治民主化並未成為黨國適宜選項，因而政治吸納策略成為整合經濟菁英有效拓展統治基礎的途徑。中國大陸私營企業主的政治參與動機，主要係基於建立自我保護機制尋求政治安全感；增進企業優勢競爭力維護經濟利益；及建構優質形象積極提升社會地位。本文初步結論以為大部分私營企業主的政治參與動機極具工具性，其參與政治活動的動機不高及欠缺政治義務感，政治參與往往圍繞在自身經濟利益並實現利益最大化。黨國利用政治吸納策略將新經濟菁英吸納至權力體系，包括進行政治安排各種職位，如政協委員及人大代表；從事黨建工作，組織覆蓋吸收入黨；運用政治統戰，吸引加入民主黨派等。然這種安排性的政治參與有其侷限，包括經濟差距轉化為政治差距，形成政治參與機會不均等；政商勾結易滋生腐敗，招致農工抗爭危及社會穩定；缺乏有效的組織化建制，難以完全吸納潛在參與者。整體而論，企業主在政治上易傾向於保守心態及支持黨國體系以維護其既得利益。

關鍵字

黨國體系；私營企業主；政治吸納；政治安排；黨建工作；政治統戰

並列摘要

Since the political reform of 1979, the new-born elite class in business has produced impact and challenges to the power legitimacy of Chinese Communist party-state system. Due to the exclusion of the political democratization, the strategy of political inclusion becomes the main approach to expand the party-state ruling base. Chinese private entrepreneurs' political participation and motivations are to seek political security through building self-protection mechanism, to advance competitive advantage for the sake of maintaining economic interests, and to construct positive image so as to elevate social status. This paper concludes that most private entrepreneurs' political participation are instrumental. Their motivations are lack to cause and the sense of obligation. They aim at maximizing the real interests. Party-state system recruit the new economic elites to the power system by way of arranging various positions, such as memberships in the political reconciliation committee and people's congress, building sub-party committees to entice party memberships, and exercising political unified front to include other nominal political parties. However, these arrangements have its constraints, such as turning the economic gap into political gap, which worsen the inequality of political participation. Also politics-business coupling tends to breed corruption, which leads to peasants' protest and social unrest. In addition, lack of effective mechanism makes the comprehensiveness of potential participants impossible. In summary, entrepreneurs tend to be conservative in politics and support status quo for their own interests.