元代河海漕運之媽祖文化研究

元代定都北京，漕運經由水路運送稅糧物資，南方漕糧北運使得河海聯運，漕運任務與朝廷官軍需求、國計民生和政權穩定皆有密切關係；媽祖文化與河海漕運的發展相得益彰，大運河和海洋漕運的發展，使得交通發達、經濟繁榮，影響媽祖文化廣為傳播。元代漕運的建立與媽祖護漕互相呼應，京杭大運河北到北京通州，取直於元代，到元代（1293）全線開通，在大運河沿岸留有很多媽祖宮廟與文物；元代演進三條漕運路線，第三條即為至元18年元世祖命令開海漕的路線，媽祖文化應海漕而更加開展，在海岸港口留有不少媽祖宮廟等遺跡；本文以元代河海漕運的媽祖文化遺跡為主題而予以探析。本論文目標在於獲得元代河海漕運之媽祖文化的研究成果，瞭解漕運對於媽祖文化傳播的影響；展現元代大運河與海洋沿岸媽祖宮廟的具體文化現象；並探討元代儒佛道背景與媽祖文化呈現三家思想的包容性；最後探討元代貿易背景與媽祖文化所展現的經貿精神。媽祖文化影響人們的德行與涵養；大運河與海運相連，因而大運河與海上絲路相通，其中媽祖文化展現高度的海商精神，與時開創進步的文化與經濟，也藉此傳播到亞太地區和世界各地。

關鍵字

元代；漕運；媽祖文化；儒佛道思想；經貿精神

並列摘要

Since the capital of Yuan was Beijing, tax payments and materials were transported on water through the canal system, which allowed the food supplies in the south to be delivered to the north by sea and river. The canal system in China was deeply connected with official demands, civil daily life, and social stability. Mazu culture and the canal system were interactional; the canal system of river and sea brought well-developed transportation and prosperous economy, spreading Mazu culture in a wider scope. Establishment of canal system in Yuan Dynasty connected with Mazu, its guardian. The Grand Canal led to the northernmost Tung Prefecture of Beijing; it was straightened during Yuan Dynasty, and wholly opened in 1293. Along the Canal, a lot of Mazu Temples and relevant artifacts were left. Three routes were developed during Yuan Dynasty, and the third one was that of the way to the sea under the order of Kublai Khan at the 18th year of Yuan Empire. Mazu culture was thus further developed along with it, leaving various remains (such as temples) in the coastal docks. The study will take cultural remains of Mazu of canal system during Yuan Dynasty as the theme for discussion and analysis. The goals of the thesis are to obtain the research results of Mazu culture of canal system during Yuan Dynasty, understand how these canal systems affected the spreading of Mazu culture, show the true cultural phenomenon of Mazu Temples along the Grand Canal and the sea coast, and explore the background of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and the inclusion of three thoughts in the culture of Mazu in the Yuan Dynasty, and discuss the business spirit displayed by the trading background of Yuan and Mazu culture. Mazu brings influences to the morality and culture to people. The Grand Canal was connected to sea transportation, and thus connected to the Silk Road on the Sea, where Mazu culture showed a highly developed sea-trading spirit, initiated progressive culture and economy, and spread to Asia-Pacific areas and the world.