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再談《過洋牽星圖》北辰星及織女星的天文導航

Use of Polaris and Vega to Position the Ships in Zheng-Ho's Astronomical Navigation Charts

摘要


《武備志》四幅「過洋牽星圖」內容,大約可歸納成兩種主要的導航方式,一為北辰星與燈籠星的南北配對組合,另一為織女星與布司星的東西配對組合。本文利用Stellarium天文軟體回溯明初星辰分佈景像,試圖解開過洋牽星之奧祕。南北配對的牽星組合,大抵以燈籠星在正南為最佳觀星時刻,此時單牽北辰星便可定位。又因燈籠星座的十字一與十字二兩星南北跨幅達6度之多,依據當年的牽星指數計算,以主牽十字二(Acrux)為最適當的解釋。又經牽星板之正切長度與仰角度數之轉換,顯示當年所用牽星板每指長約1.7公分,以此長度回推北辰星及十字二的仰角指數,其和為15.5指的潛規則,也能得到合理解釋。而每指代表之角度從1.65度至1.90度,平均為1.74度,視仰角高低而定。明初的天文導航,船隻能以簡單的牽星板來定位,是先民睿智與經驗的結晶。現今雖可用先進軟體來協助溯源工作,但仍有部分問題譬如觀測誤差、抄寫誤植、以及古今泊錨點位移等,至今仍無法完滿解決。

關鍵字

北辰星 織女星 布司星 牽星圖 下西洋

並列摘要


The astronomical navigation charts recorded in Wu-Bei-Zhih may be resolved into two types, a north-south oriented observation which includes Polaris and Acrux, and an east-west group observation which includes Vega, Pollux and Procyon. The Stellarium software is adopted to date back the stellar map in early 15th century. Observation time for the north-south positioning is set up when Acrux is located in the due south, at this time, the elevation-angle sum of Polaris and Acrux is equal to 27° or 15.5 fingers. Each finger is equivalent to 1.7 cm in length, and it reads an angle from 1.90° to 1.65° when elevation changes from low angle to high. An average value of 1.74° per finger is adopted for practice. Observation time for the east-west group is set up when Vega is raised to 12° or 7 fingers and a synchronized measurement to Pollux and Procyon are made to position the ships. Chinese seaman employed a simple wooden board to measure the elevation of a star by counting the number of fingers on the plate early in Ming Dynasty, however, it becomes necessary for us to adopt a stellar software when converting fingers back to radians to review this astronomical charts nowadays.

並列關鍵字

Polaris Vega Pollux Procyon Astronomical Navigation Western Seas

參考文獻


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