直面香港：群眾運動中的民主訴求與政黨政治

香港「雨傘運動」不僅體現了「民主香港」和「專制大陸」之間的衝突，更反應了中國整體「黨－國」體制的內在矛盾。本文首先分析「佔中（環）」，即專業人士發起的關於特首選舉方案的運動，如何演變成全港表達普遍不滿的「佔（金）鐘」行動；指出雨傘運動是香港積累了十年的各種運動的總匯合。我們要看到雨傘後的複雜政治生態，更要注意多元的運動如何在「民主」與「自主」的訴求下匯合到一起。文章從而分析香港的「民主」與「自主」訴求是如何在特殊的歷史和地緣政治條件下形成的，和現實可能有哪些隔閡。文章最後分析，為什麼三十年前被各方認同的「一國兩制」在大陸改革開放、中港一體化的過程中反而危機重重？本文試圖解釋，問題不在於民主不夠，而在於中共角色的變化。總之，香港的獨特不是她和大陸太不一樣，而是她尖銳地顯示了中國政治的深層矛盾。本文也是人類學干預重大事件的一個嘗試，努力通過對實質性的社會聯繫的敘述來發現新的視角，而不是基於外在的概念進行判斷和歸因。

關鍵字

群眾運動；「外向型」民主；「黨－國」體制；領導權

並列摘要

The Umbrella Movement in late 2014 in Hong Kong manifested not only tensions between ＂democratic Hong Kong＂ and ＂authoritarian Beijing＂, but more importantly deep contradictions within China's own party-state system. The Umbrella Movement was a convergence of multiple social campaigns that sprung up over the last ten years under the banner of democracy and political autonomy. This article traces how the notions of democracy and autonomy in Hong Kong emerged from its special historical and geopolitical contexts, and how those conditions have now changed and therefore complicated the pursuit of these goals. This article then asks why the ＂one country two systems＂ approach, a consensus among major stakeholders thirties years ago, ran into deep trouble when China opened up and its economic integration with Hong Kong intensified. I suggest that it is the changing nature of the Communist Party and its relation to the state, and not just the lack of democracy, that caused the current crisis. Hong Kong deserves special attention not because it is distinct from the mainland, but precisely because it manifests contradictions in China as a whole in a particularly sharp manner.