非選擇性除草劑在台灣深耕半世紀

Non-Selective Herbicides in Taiwan Over Half Century

方麗萍(Rebecca L. P. Fong)

《中華民國雜草學會會刊》 36卷1期 (2015/06) Pp. 77-92

https://doi.org/10.6274/WSSROC-2015-0036(1)-077

摘要

非選擇性除草劑（non-selective herbicides, NSH）自1960年中期至2015年已在台灣深耕超過半世紀，主要有三種產品，包括巴拉刈（paraquat）、嘉磷塞（glyphosate）及固殺草（glufosinate - ammonium）。非選擇性除草劑以金額而言，銷售最高峰為2007年，高達台幣12億（折美金3,800萬元），分別佔台灣農藥及除草劑總市場之21%及73%。當年之銷售重量共為9,400公噸，佔台灣農藥及除草劑總銷售量之24%及55%。沿自1958年英國卜內門（ICI）開發巴拉刈（paraquat），1962年商品化，於60年代末巴拉刈24%溶液在台灣銷售。巴拉刈為接觸型之非選擇性除草劑，效果迅速，適逢台灣經濟起飛，在節省勞力的主因下，使用量快速成長，獨佔非選擇性除草劑市場；1971年美國孟山都（Monsanto）合成嘉磷塞（glyphosate），1980年全球營業額達47.5億美元，躍居世界農藥的第一位。嘉磷塞異丙胺鹽41%溶液（glyphosate IPA）於80年代初在台灣上市，往後10年，嘉磷塞異丙胺鹽以較長藥效之特點，成功取代巴拉刈市場。1981年德國赫司特（Hoechst AG）成功開發固殺草（glufosinate - ammonium），原有之缺點，不如巴拉刈速效，又未能如嘉磷塞長效。在注重生態環境及對作物更安全的優勢下，固殺草將其缺點發揮為優點，施藥後根部不會完全死亡，對環境相對更為友善，對淺根作物不會造成藥害。自1990年完成18.02%固殺草農藥登記，價格雖為兩競爭者平均2.5倍，每年大幅成長。固殺草溶液在台灣上市，共有2種成分，包括18.02%（w／w）及13.5%（w／w）。2009年固殺草銷售金額首次超越嘉磷塞異丙胺鹽；2014年，固殺草銷售大幅躍進，成為台灣農藥銷售金額最高之產品。回首，非選擇性除草劑在台灣已深耕50餘年，不論功過，已在這塊土地創下很多的第一，在農業上扮演舉足輕重的地位，也留下不可磨滅的痕跡。

關鍵字

除草劑 ； 非選擇除草劑 ； 巴拉刈 ； 嘉磷塞 ； 固殺草

並列摘要

From 1960 to 2015, non-selective herbicides (NSHs) have been sold in Taiwan for over half century. Paraquat, glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium are the main ones. In 2007, the total turnover (ex-factory level) of NSHs was NTD 1.2 Bio. (USD 38 Mio.), the best performance in the past 50 years. At that time, the sales of NSHs dominated the total agrochemical and herbicides market by 21% and 73% respectively. Based on volume, NSHs shared the total agrochemical and herbicides market by 24% and 55% separately. In 1958, ICI, England developed paraquat successfully. It was commercialized after 3 years and launched in Taiwan around 1965. Paraquat is a systematic NSH with promising and fast effectiveness, the sales were expanding rapidly in the economic-developing Taiwan. Paraquat dominated the monopoly market until 1971, while Monsanto introduced glyphosate that became the top NSHs worldwide, the sales was reached USD 4.75 Bio. in 1980. Glyphosate IPA 41% (S) was launched in Taiwan in early 1980'. Glyphosate sales surpassed paraquat market promptly for its special character, longer lasting efficacy. Hoechst AG commercialized glufosinate-ammonium in 1981 and launched in Taiwan since 1990. There are 2 formulations including 18.02% (w/w) and 13.5% (w/w) sold on the market. Even though glufosinate-ammonium has shorter lasting timing to compare with glyphosate as well as the price is higher than glyphosate by 2.5 times, its sales has been growing up significantly. Using glufosinate-ammonium is considered to be friendlier to environment and safer to the crops. From 2009, both glyphosate and gufosinate-ammonium have dominated the NSH market in terms of sales amount. In conclusion, NSHs have been used in Taiwan for over 50 years, regardless of its merits or demerits, undoubtedly NSHs have played a very crucial role in the agriculture of Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

herbicides ； non-selective herbicides ； paraquat ； glyphosate ； glufosinate-ammonium