從巫祝祠禳到文學靈視－重探《楚辭》〈招魂〉

A New Discussion of ＂Zhao Hun＂: From Shamanic Ritual to Literary Second Sight

吳旻旻(Wu Min-min)

《漢學研究》 35卷4期 (2017/12) Pp. 1-36

摘要

〈招魂〉一文經常被放在《楚辭》屈原情志或是民間「招魂」習俗的脈絡下詮釋，容易忽視該作品的豐富性。本文首先重新梳理作者、招魂對象、招魂意義等聚訟紛紜的課題，辨析古今「招魂」一詞並不共享同一語意脈絡，〈招魂〉之「招」與「魂」各有獨立且特殊意義。之後針對〈招魂〉正文外陳四方之惡與內頌楚國之美兩部分分節論述，分析作者如何承襲巫者旁招儀式的結構，以及戰國逐漸發展的地理知識，刻繪出融合恐怖與獵奇的異域想像；又循著祝官作六辭的長才，將魂主生活中的物質與經驗描摹渲染，示現美好的享樂情景。整體而言，〈招魂〉以巫祝祠禱禳解的儀式文化為結構，發揮視覺性的書寫方式，成就其文學價值。

關鍵字

招魂 ； 楚辭 ； 巫 ； 異域想像 ； 視覺

並列摘要

＂Zhao hun,＂ (招魂 Summoning of the Soul) is one of the poems in the Chu Ci (楚辭Verses of Chu). It is often interpreted as expressing Qu Yuan's 屈原 spirit or in the context of the folk tradition of ＂summoning the soul,＂ neglecting the richness of this work. This study begins with clarifying the controversy over its authorship, what was being summoned and what was the meaning of summoning the soul in Qu Yuan's time. The ancient and modern connotations of ＂summoning the soul＂ differ considerably from each other. In ＂Zhao hun,＂ the concepts of ＂summoning＂ and ＂soul＂ are independent of each other, each carrying its own special meaning. By analyzing the poem's two sections (where the evil abroad and the beauty of the homeland, the Kingdom of Chu, are described), this paper demonstrates how, inheriting the structure of the ＂evocation＂ ritual from shamanism and evolving geographical knowledge of the Warring States era (770-221 BC),the author draws a very vivid portrayal of the horror of an imagined foreign land. As a zhuguan (祝官 official in charge of ritual ceremony), the author uses his expertise in ceremonial speech-writing to illustrate the life of the soul's owner, depicting a beautiful bacchanalian scene that draws on the material and experiential details of his life. Overall, the structure of ＂Zhao hun＂ is based in shamanic ritual culture, with the author employing his vivid writing style of the visual experience to give it its literary value.

並列關鍵字

＂Zhao hun＂ ； 招魂, Chu Ci 楚辭 ； shaman ； imagination of the exotic ； the visual

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