客家話臻攝字讀低元音的時間層次－三個客語本字的考證

The Chronological Stratum of Zhen Group finals with Low Vowels in Hakka: Examining Three Hakka Etymologies

江敏華(Chiang Min-hua)

《漢學研究》 36卷3期 (2018/09) Pp. 57-89

摘要

中古臻攝字在臺灣客家話均表現為高元音，其例外多表現為一、三等相混及開、合口不分，此外亦有少數不合規律的字表現為元音偏低的現象。這些例外提醒研究我們客家話臻攝字應當具有一個不同的時間層次。本文考證客家話三個常用詞語的本字，進一步證明客家話具有一個時間層次較早的臻攝讀低元音的層次：1.表疑問的「mak7 ke5」中的「mak7」，本字為臻攝三等「文弗切」的「物」字。2.表「米磨成漿所蒸製成的糕點」、為客家米食文化代表的「粄」（pan3），其本字為臻攝三等「方吻切」的「粉」字。3.四縣客家話表「水滿溢出來」的「p'anl」，其本字為臻攝一等「普魂切」的「濆（噴）」字。本文亦指出，客語三個臻攝字讀低元音的詞彙音讀反映南北朝時期「元魂痕」通押的時間層次。客語的前身在《切韻》時期仍保留低元音-□，現代一部分客家話（如閩西）較完整的保留低元音，一部分客家話（如粤東和臺灣）則殘存在少數常用字中，音字脫節，而成為特徵字。

關鍵字

客語 ； 本字 ； 疑問詞 ； 粄 ； 型態變化

並列摘要

The Zhen 臻 rhyme group finals of Late Middle Chinese all appear as high vowels in modern Taiwan Hakka, with the exceptions mostly performing as the blending of Grade I and Grade III, and the merging of open and closed mouth; besides these, there are a few irregular characters that tend to perform as low vowels. These exceptions remind us there should be different chronological strata for the Zhen group finals in Hakka. This article investigates the etymologies of three common morphemes in Hakka, and goes further to prove that there is an earlier chronological stratum for the Zhen group finals being pronounced as low vowels: 1. The etymology of the morpheme mak7 of the interrogative mak7 ke5 is wu 物 from wenfu qie 文弗切 of Grade III in the Zhen rhyme group. 2. Pan3, a typical Hakka cake made by steamed rice pulp, the etymology of which is fen 粉 from fang wen qie 方吻切 of Grade III in the Zhen rhyme group. 3. The etymology of the verb phanl 'to overflow' in Sixian 四縣 Hakka is pen 濆 (噴) from pu hun qie 普魂切 that belongs to Grade III in the Zhen rhyme group. This article also indicates that the low vowel represented in the Zhen group finals in Hakka forms the chronological stratum which reflects the fact that Yuan 元, Hun 魂 and Hen 痕 rhymed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Hakka's predecessor still retained the low vowel -□- in the Qieyun period. Nowadays, some Hakka speaking areas (e.g., western Fujian) have more completely retained the low vowel, while in other Hakka speaking areas (e.g., eastern Guangdong and Taiwan) the low vowel is preserved in only a small number of common morphemes, which are known as 'feature characters' due to the disconnect between the characters and their pronunciations.

並列關鍵字

Hakka ； etymology ； interrogative ； Hakka rice cake ； phonological alternation

參考文獻

東漢鄭玄注(1965)。周禮。臺北:中華書局。

宋陳彭年修(1979)。廣韻。臺北:臺灣商務印書館。

清王先謙補注(1968)。漢書。臺北:臺灣商務印書館。

清孫詒讓(1981)。周禮正義。臺北:臺灣中華書局。

清段玉裁注(1989)。說文解字注。臺北:藝文印書館。