甲骨卜辭「戎」字之句型分析及其義項演變

甲骨卜辭「□」字，過去考釋主要為「捍、戎」二，目前學界則以釋「戎」為主。本文立基於字體分類，進而依據動詞、名詞用法逐一整理「戎」相關文例，從歷時角度揭示其在文例上的變化，如動詞用法的消失，以及從語法面向指出其語言上的特質。其次，綜合歸納學者們對於「戎」字之動詞、名詞的義項分類，從而清楚了解到其本身義項實與動詞屬性密切相關。本文藉由語法結構等面向推定「戎」字為不及物動詞，賓語的語義角色為與事，有時可用介詞「暨」來引介。動詞義項為「（發動）戰爭」；名詞義項，則從發動戰爭轉指「處於戰爭狀態的對象」，並無敵我之分。文中逐一解卜辭文例，並聯繫西周金文、傳世文獻等資料，藉以呈現出「戎」字一脈相承的演變過程。最後，總結「戎」在商代不作為部族或方國名使用，部族名是直至西周晚期才產生的用法，並盛行於春秋時期。

關鍵字

甲骨；戎；動詞；戰爭；部族

並列摘要

The character ＂□＂ found within oracle bone inscriptions has primarily been recognized as ＂han＂捍 or ＂rong＂戎 according to previous textual research, whereas contemporary scholars tend to interpret it as merely ＂rong.＂ Based on script classification, the present paper meticulously collates ＂rong＂-related phrases by referring to its usage as a verb and a noun, thereby revealing its chronological evolution (e.g., the dying out of its usage as a verb) and showing its linguistic qualities from a grammatical dimension. In addition, this paper comprehensively analyzes the classification of the senses of ＂rong＂ by scholarship, through which the close connection between its senses and verb properties is apprehended. From the aspect of sentence structure, this paper infers that the character ＂rong＂ is an intransitive verb used before the object referring to matters and sometimes intermediated by the preposition ＂ji＂暨. Its verb sense is ＂to wage a war,＂ while its noun sense is ＂the object at war＂ without clearly differentiating between sides of the conflict, including the self. To demonstrate the evolution of ＂rong,＂ this study not only explains related phrases in oracle bone inscriptions one by one, but also connects it to Western Zhou bronze inscriptions and other documents handed down from ancient times. Finally, this paper articulates the conclusive argument that ＂rong＂ had not been used as a name of any tribe or tribal state in the Shang dynasty, since tribal names did not appear until the late Western Zhou dynasty and only became prevalent as late as the Spring and Autumn period.