田間人工降雨機之回顧、研究及比較

A Review, Study and Comparison of Field-Scale Rainfall Simulators

范正成(J.-C. Fan) ； 謝宏元(H.-Y. Hsieh)

《中華水土保持學報》 22卷1期 (1991/05) Pp. 9-20

https://doi.org/10.29417/JCSWC.199105_22(1).0002

摘要

土壤沖蝕對農業生産力，崩坍地，河川淤塞，河川水質，灌漑排水…等，都有不良的影響。為了提供水土保持客觀的數據及規範，定量的評估土壤沖蝕是必要的。利用自然降雨來研究土壤沖蝕，相當耗時，費力而且不能控制降雨的情況。如果使用田間人工降雨機，就可以避免上述的缺點，但需要人工降雨機的成本。現有人工降雨機繁多，選擇適當的種類以提供我國應用是一重要課題。本研究就國內外共134種人工降雨機進行評估。人工降雨機之各種特性，諸如：雨滴形成器，試驗場長度、寬度和面積，雨滴落高，最小和最大降雨強度，噴嘴壓力，操作員人數，最大適用坡度，最小和最大雨滴粒徑最小和最大均匀係數，構造成本及操作性等都在評估之列。評估的結果，就研究方面之性能而言，Fan and Lovell（1987）為最佳，Meyer and McCune（1968）次之，而Shelton et al.（1985）又次之。就構造成本及搬運性而言，以Shelton et al.（1985）為最佳，Meyer and McCune（1958）次之，而Fan and Lovell（1987）又次之。針對台灣地區使用而言，就Shelton et al.（1985）之各項性能加以研究改良，成功的可能性最可期，因其甚為簡便，且性能符合要求。

關鍵字

人工降雨機 ； 雨滴形成器 ； 雨滴粒徑分佈 ； 降雨強度 ； 試驗場長度 ； 寬度和面積 ； 最大適用坡度

並列摘要

Soil erosion is an important factor which causes low agricultural productivity, landslides. deposition of rivers, deterioration of water quality of rivers, and ineffective irrigation and drainage. To provide supporting data for soil and water conservation, it is necessary to evaluate soil erosion quantitatively. It is rather time consuming, and difficult to control the rainfall condition to study soil erosion using natural rainfall. If rainfall simulators for fie ld erosion tests are applied, the above-mentioned disadvantages can be avoided. but the cost may be high. A number of rainfall simulatiors have be developed. Therefore, it is rather important to choose proper ones to be used in the Taiwan area. In this study, information of 134 rainfall simulators has been collected and evaluated. The charateristics of the rainfall simulators, such as: drop former; length, width and area of the test plot; fall height of raindrop; minimum and maximum rainfall intensity, pressure of nozzle; number of persons needed for operation; maximum slope steepness; minimum and maximum raindrop size; minimum and maximum coefficient of uniformity of rainfall intensity, cost and workability of the simulator; are evaluated. After evaluation, the rainfall simulator by Fan and Lovell (1987) is considered the best for research quality; and the others, in decreasing order, are those by. Meyer and McCune (1958), and by Shelton et al. (1985). When the cost and mobility are taken into account only, the one by Shelton et al. (1985) is the best. and the others, in decreasing order, are those by Meyer and McCune (1958), and by Fan and Lovell (1987). However, if the properties of the rainfall simulator by Shelton et al. (1985), which are not so satisfactory, can be studied and improved, it is expected to be the most useful for the research of soil erosion in the Taiwan area.

並列關鍵字

rainfall simulator ； drop former ； raindrop size distribution ； rainfall intensity ； terminal velocity