The paper tries to discuss the origin of Taiwan Sotokufu Museum and its representation of prewar Japanese colonialism. It focuses on the colonial and modernity symbols of museum buildings, the division of anthropology and history sections and its relation to Japanese cultural cognition of Taiwan aborigines and Chinese residents, the paradox of target visitors and performance of cultural politics in Taiwan as a colony of Japan, and the change of museum status under the Nationalist Chinese regime after the War. It shows that from the beginning museums were explicitly perceived as a turf of cultural and political hegemony for both the Japanese and Nationalist Chinese regimes.