論國家語言監察制度：加拿大法語保障經驗的啟發

National Language Ombudsman Institution: Learning from the Francophone Experience in Canada

王保鍵(Pao-Chien Wang)

《思與言：人文與社會科學期刊》 60卷3期 (2022/09) Pp. 203-249

摘要

為尊重國家多元文化之精神，促進國家語言之傳承、復振及發展，臺灣於2019年制定《國家語言發展法》，定臺灣各固有族群使用之自然語言為「國家語言」，並賦予國家語言為學習語言、接近使用公共服務等語言權利。隔年，制定《監察院國家人權委員會組織法》，意欲將監察院轉型為符合《巴黎原則》的國家人權機構。按西方國家實現語言人權的途徑，非僅制定保障語言少數群體的法律，同時也設置語言監察使。本文以文獻分析法，檢視聯合國少數群體保障的法律文件，探討監察制度理論，以觀察加拿大關於法語少數群體之語言監察的實作經驗，反饋至臺灣的國家語言制度安排。本文研究發現為：（1）完善的語言監察機制，有助於落實語言少數群體之語言權利。為實現《公民與政治權利國際公約》第27條，完善臺灣的國家語言制度，落實少數族群語言權利，應導入語言監察機制。（2）為健全臺灣的國家語言制度設計，應善用我國特有的五權分立體制，由監察院執掌國家語言之語言監察。此外，由於我國監察院已新設「國家人權委員會」，本文建議語言監察使之任命，可採取「總統提名具國家語言專長者，出任監察委員」，或「監察院院長遴派人權委員會委員，擇定具國家語言專長的監察委員擔任」。

關鍵字

語言少數群體 ； 法語群體 ； 語言監察使 ； 監察院 ； 國家語言

並列摘要

In order to recognize the multicultural nature of the nation, and to spur the transmission, revival, and development of national languages, Taiwan introduced the "National Languages Development Act" in 2019. This Act defines the "national language" as the natural languages used by the different ethnic groups in Taiwan. The people shall be given the guarantee on their right to study in National language and use it in enjoying public services. The following year, the "Organic Act of the Control Yuan National Human Rights Commission" is enacted. The purpose of this Act is intended to transform Control Yuan into the National Human Rights Institutions in accordance with the "Paris Principles". In Western countries, the approaches to protect the language human rights are not only to legislate for safeguarding the rights of the linguistic minorities, but also to build the language Ombudsman. For discussing Taiwan's institutional arrangement of the national languages, the essay examines the United Nation's legal documents and the ombudsman's research as well as employing the method of literature review, to explore the Canada's experience of protecting the minority language (French). The findings include: (1) The perfect mechanism for linguistic oversight could contribute to fulfill the rights of the linguistic minorities. In order to apply the Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as to deepen the national language rights in Taiwan, the government should introduce the language Ombudsman. (2) To improve Taiwan's national linguistic institution, Control Yuan should manage linguistic monitoring based on Taiwan's unique system of separation of powers. As the Control Yuan has established the National Human Rights Commission, the essay suggests that the language Ombudsman is appointed as following. One is when nominating the member of the Control Yuan, the president should nominate national language experts; the other is when selecting the member of the National Human Rights Commission, the President of Control Yuan should appoint the language expertise.

並列關鍵字

linguistic minorities ； Francophone ； Language Ombudsman ； Control Yuan ； national language

參考文獻

王保鍵（2019）。〈書評：憲法先驅：語言監察使暨官方、少數族群、原住民族語言之保護〉。《全球客家研究》，13: 191-200。

王保鍵（2021）。〈客語為區域通行語政策：加拿大經驗之啟發〉。《文官制度》，13, 1: 141-178。

王保鍵（2022）。《少數群體語言權利：加拿大、英國、臺灣語言政策之比較》。臺北：五南。

李念祖（2012）。〈論依巴黎原則於監察院設置國家人權委員會〉。《臺灣人權學刊》，1, 3: 125-143。

李念祖（2017）。〈司法改革與基本人權〉。《臺灣人權學刊》，4, 1: 127-133。