論共犯之獨立性與從屬性

The Study on the Dependence and Subordinate of Complicity

陳子平(Tz-Ping Chen)

《東吳法律學報》 19卷3期 (2008/01) Pp. 1-38

https://doi.org/10.6416/SLR.200801.0001

摘要

我國刑法自清末繼受外國刑法以來，歷經數次修正，其中更迭最大的莫過於共犯規定。而在共犯規定中，最具爭議的，就是共犯獨立性說與共犯從屬性說之對立。換言之，以大清新刑律為基礎的中華民國暫行新刑律（1912年～1928年）與舊刑法（1928年～1935年）是採取共犯從屬性說的立場，並無疑義；然而，儘管從原刑法（1935年～2006年）的修正理由可以很明確地瞭解到，原刑法係採取共犯獨立性說的立場，但是在實務界與學界，卻依舊存在著各種不同的解讀，尤其在受到德國刑法規定與理論係採取共犯從屬性說立場的影響下，勉強將原刑法之共犯規定解讀為採取共犯從屬性說立場，而導致共犯論的紊亂。2005年元月通過、2006年7月施行的新刑法（主要屬於總則部分），為了消彌此紊亂局面，雖已明確揭示採取目前德國與日本所採的共犯從屬性說立場，卻由於條文內容與德國刑法之規定有所出入，而較接近日本刑法之規定，遂又導致部分學者強烈批評。本文將從共犯之立法例、共犯獨立性說與共犯從屬性說、以及實行從屬性與要素從屬性等議題，進行說明與檢討，以期釐清真正問題之所在。

關鍵字

共犯獨立性 ； 共犯從屬性 ； 實行從屬性 ； 要素從屬性 ； 教唆未遂 ； 未遂教唆 ； 最小限從屬形式 ； 限制從屬形式 ； 共犯處罰根據 ； 純粹惹起說 ； 修正惹起說 ； 混合惹起說

並列摘要

Our Criminal Law has been amended for several times after we adopted foreign criminal law. Among those amendments, the most significant and vastest one is the amendment of those provisions about complicity. Among those provisions governing complicity, the most contradictory issue is the controversy between the independence and subordinate of complicity. In other words, no doubt the New Temporary Criminal Law (1912-1928), which adopted Chin Temporary Criminal Law, and the old Criminal Law (1928-1935) provided that complicity is subordinate. In addition, from the reason of the amendment, it is persuasive to conclude that the pre-amended Criminal Law (1935-2006) asserted complicity is dependent from offenders. However, courts and scholars interpreted those provisions of complicity in different ways. Especially some commentators, who are under the influence of Germany Criminal Law and the subordinate of complicity, contend that the pre-amended Criminal Law provided that complicity is subordinate. That content results in the misunderstanding and confuse of the complicity law. In order to solve this problem, the new Criminal Law (enacted in January 2005 and effective in July 2006) clearly provides that complicity is subordinate. Nevertheless, those provisions are similar with Japanese Criminal Law, rather than Germany one so some scholars fiercely criticize those provisions. In order to point out those core issues, this article illustrate and discuss different complicity law, the theory of independence of complicity, the theory of subordinate of complicity, subordinate of process, and the ordinate of elements.

並列關鍵字

independence of complicity ； subordinate of complicity ； subordinate of process ； subordinate of elements ； attempt to solicit ； solicit a crime which fails ； minimum subordinate ； limited subordinate ； the theory fo

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