英國法有關家務勞動價值之研究

本文介紹英國法中對於家務勞動價值之法律評價的近代發展，由於英國法對於「家」採取功能性上的定義，家的定義及範圍並不僅侷限在如我國民法規定必須是一夫一妻所成立之婚姻關係家庭。因此目前對於家務勞動價值之法制保護不僅包含婚姻關係裡之家務勞動，在2004年時亦擴及到同性公民伴侶關係（Civil artnership 2004），甚至，目前司法判決對於其他非婚姻關係家庭之家務勞動價值亦有逐漸承認之趨勢，例如異性同居關係。而對於未婚、失婚之單親父母，則透過社會福利政策加以扶持。英國法對於離婚或同性公民伴侶關係解消案件，採用個案處置原則，由法院對個案作通盤考量後，對夫妻所有財產重新加以分配（包含婚前與婚後所有財產），藉以達到公平性（fairness）之要求，並採取有別於一般大陸法系國家採用之夫妻財產制度對家務勞動之價值作評價，英國法目前遵循三大原則：當事人需求原則、平等分配原則以及補償原則，對離婚案件或同性公民伴侶關係解消作個案重新分配夫妻或伴侶間所有財產，藉以突顯家務勞動之價值並補償家務勞動操持者因婚姻關係所受到之不利益（relationship-generated disadvantage）。本文將嘗試分析英國法對於上述婚姻關係家庭以及非婚姻關係家庭之家務勞動之論述，期能從中發現值得我國借鏡之處。

關鍵字

家務勞動；婚前協議；夫妻扶養；扶養費；離婚財產分配；性別平等；同居關係；單親父母

並列摘要

The beginning of the 21st century has seen some radical judicial activism in English Family Law. Apart from pre-nuptial agreements, recently in private family law, the judicial decisions relevant to unpaid non-financial contributions have greatly changed the direction of legal discourse and placed a gradually increasing value on these unpaid works, taken to be the non-financial contributor's ultimate worth in the heterosexual married family context. English Family Law has faced the issue of whether it should adapt to change social norms by better reflecting the equal partnership discourse of marriage in the value that should be given to non-financial contributions typically made by women, such as housework and childcare, on divorce.This paper therefore considers how the English law and social policy assess the value of non-financial (domestic) contributions to the marriage relationship, civil partnership, cohabitation relationship and lone parents. It explores the extent to which they meet the aim of achieving fairness by weighing their achievements against the compensation approach, to see whether there are lessons that Taiwan can learn and draw on.

並列關鍵字

Gender equality ； domestic contributions ； non financial contributions ； homemaker ； homemaking ； child caring ； assets redistribution ； maintenance ； cohabitation ； lone parents ； prenuptial agreements