巴瑟鐸夫與博愛學校－德意志近代另類學校初探

Johann Bernhard Basedow and Philanthropic School-A Study of a Different Type of School in Modern Germany

林聰敏(Tsong-Minn Lin)

《東吳外語學報》 38期 (2014/03) Pp. 185-198

摘要

在德國學校教育發展過程中，「全人與（有用）人才」之間向來存有一種潛性之辯證關係－德意志國家啟蒙時期之教育倡理性、重智力與古文（拉丁），國家辦學之目的乃是養成有用之國家公民。針對國家將人視為工具，而進行之功能教育，巴瑟鐸夫（Johann Bernhard Basedow, 1724-1790）以其「打著啟蒙反啟蒙」之教育理念，推動教育改革，創辦「博愛學校」（Philanthropin），力倡「因材施教」之「全人教育」，認為教育本身即為終極目標，而成為當時另類學校設立的目的。本論文係在探究德國啟蒙時期政治、社會、教育與宗教生態，論述巴瑟鐸夫生平與其教育思想，以及闡述博愛學校之教育特色。

關鍵字

博愛學校 ； 啟蒙 ； 實物教學 ； 遊戲

並列摘要

There is always a dialectical constellation between educational purposes of ”full grown man vs. specialist/utility” during the historical development of the German school education. Educational goal of the German Enlightenment placed an emphasis on rational knowledge, intelligence and Latin. The state educational goal was aimed at training useful citizens. Against this functional purpose of treating humans as tools, Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724-1790) therefore started a new type of school and named it ”Philanthropic School”, whose educational banner was to oppose the Enlightenment by the Enlightenment, so as to educate children become a full grown man according to their aptitude, believing that education per se was the ultimate goal. This paper aims to present a study of 1) the political, social, educational and religional situations of the German Englightenment, 2) a brief biography Basedow's and his concept of education and 3) the characteristics of philanthropic school education.

並列關鍵字

philanthropic school ； Enlightenment ； object teaching ； play

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