清代中央與地方立法的協商：以「竊盜」之各省專條為例

本文透過《大清律例根原》的按語與相關檔案，梳理清代竊盜條例的發展軌跡，並由此觀察地方對於新條例的接受與討論，分析各省專條的形成及其背後反映的中央與地方關係。透過這個角度，試圖理解中央是如何體察地方的需求制定條例，以因應個別的犯罪行為，而地方又是如何調整中央制定的條例，以適應自己的實際需求。希望透過此一考察，梳理清代條例發展的軌跡，並討論清代中央與地方在條例制定上的互動情況。本文先以「竊盜再犯」例具體呈現清代條例層累形成的過程，進而以竊盜累犯的嶄新概念「積匪猾賊」為例，透過省例與各省專條，詳述中央與地方對此的各種討論與調整。經由本文從條例、各省專條、省例之間的對比，認為清代條例本為中央與地方一來一往、相互協商與影響而成，即使是清代中期之後出現的各省專條，雖然清楚看到省例的痕跡，中央仍握有立法的權力。

關鍵字

清代條例；省例；各省專條；竊盜；律例關係

並列摘要

The Great Qing Legal Code included various statutes (律), sub-statutes (條例), and provincial regulations (省例), all of which administrators at various levels of government consulted when passing judgement on criminal acts. By examining how statutes and sub-statues were understood and applied, this article attempts to shed light on how the central and local governments of the Qing dynasty negotiated with one another when it came to the interpretation and implementation of the legal code. Particular attention is paid to criminal cases where recidivist theft is involved-cases where the defendant is a repeat offender. The paper concludes that the penal code evolved during the Qing dynasty largely as the result of a constant give-and-take between the central and local governments over how the penal code was to be applied, but that the final authority for making laws rested solely with the central government.