In the context of Taiwanese fiction, consumption did not become the subject of novelistic investigation until the 1970s when the sentiment of anti-imperialism rose and the understanding of Taiwan's status as an economic colony started troubling the Taiwanese intellectuals. As a result, to buy or not to buy foreign goods became a question, not just of a personal choice or preference, but rather of national survival. Huang Chunming's "Sayonara, Goodbye!" (1973) and "The Hat that Xiao Qi Always Wears" (1974) destruct the myth of logos, suggesting that imported goods from Japan are in fact inferior and deficient; Chen Yingzhen's serial stories of Washington Manson describe how multinational corporations destroy local culture and traditional product value by their overwhelming commercials and fashionable commodities; Wang Zhenhe's Portraits of Beauties (1981-82) criticizes the upper-middle classe's fetishistic obsession with American luxury goods. On the one hand, these stories contain a male-oriented nationalism against commodity imperialism and express an unspoken anxiety about Taiwan's economic dependency and belated modernity. On the other hand, the economic discourse upon which these stories are based is inscribed with gender differentiation, prioritizing production as masculine, but discrediting consumption as feminine.