臺灣省洋菇病害調查報告

A Preliminary Report on Mushroom Disease Survey for Tile Twelve Months Ending 31th October, 1964, in Taiwan

胡開仁(K. Z. Hu) ； 杜自彊(T. C. Dough) ； 毛鑑銘(C. M. Mao)

《中華農業研究》 13卷4期 (1964/12) Pp. 36-47

https://doi.org/10.29951/JARC.196412.0006

摘要

本報告係調查臺灣省52~53年期洋菇栽培季節所發生洋菇病害種類，爲害程度及其罹病率，茲將調查結果簡述如下：
（一）本省發生之洋菇病害計有六種：
1．褐斑病(Verticillium agaricicotum Sawada)；
2．洋菇塊菌病(Pseudobalsamia microspora Fish)；
3．綠黴病(Penicillium spp.)；
4．洋菇凋萎病(Fusarium spp.)；
5．褐皮病(Myriococcum Praecox Fr.)；
6．白皮病(Monilia fimicola (Cost & Mat Arnaud & Bertholet)。
（二）該六種病害中爲害程度較重者是褐斑病(Verticillium agaricicotum)及洋菇塊菌病(Pseudo balsamia microspora，前者主要爲害洋菇子實體，其病徵爲顯明之褐色不規則小斑點逐漸擴大凹陷，呈深褐色或暗褐色，嚴重時洋菇子實體畸形凹陷，品質降低，後者主要爲害洋菇菌絲，其病徵爲堆肥中洋菌絲逐漸退化成水濕狀而致消失，堆肥或覆土表面該病原菌產生許多白色腦狀子囊殼，該二種病害誠爲當前本省洋務病害防治工作，及洋菇生產事業極重視問題，其除四種病害爲害輕微，對本省洋菇生產影響甚小。
（三）該六種病害其罹病率按其大小順序如下：
1．褐皮病(44.16%)；
2．白皮病(27.94%)；
3．褐斑病(24.73%)；
4．洋菇塊菌病(8.92%)；
5．綠黴病(4.04%)；
6．洋菇凋萎病(2.49%)。
（四）新建菇舍無論磚房、草房、土房，皆較舊菇舍（使用二年以上者）發生病害較少，其受害程度，罹病率亦較輕，舊菇舍一般因使用前後未經徹底實施菇舍消毒，故極易發生病害，其中磚房、土房比草房發生病害較重。

並列摘要

This report is the results of mushroom disease K. Z. Hu, P. C. Dough and James C. M. Mao survey which was begun on October 1, 1963 and ended on October 31, 1964, in Taiwan (Formosa), and the kinds of mushroom diseases, their damage de grees, and infected percentage.
(1) According to the results of this survey, there are six Kinds of mushroom diseases occurring in mushroom shelters. They are Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum), Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora), Green mould (Penicillium spp.), Damping-off (Fusarium spp.), Brown plaster mould (Myriococcum praecox), and white plaster mould (Monilia. fimicola).
(2) Among the six, mushroom diseases, Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum) and Truffle disase (Pseudobalsamia microspora) are the most important mushroom diseases and make a serious infection and damage in Taiwan. The former attacks the fruitbody of mushrooms. The first symptons of infection, due to Verticillium agaricicotum, is the production of light brown, small superficial, irregularly spots on the caps of mushrooms. As these spots extend in diameter there is coalescing into dark brown blotches. In more severe attacks the mushrooms become distorted and dry leathery tissue. The later attacks the mycelium of mushrooms. The symptom is the compost, which have been fieled with mushroom mycelium, in the affected areas seems normal at first, then the mushroom mycelium slowly degenerates into a soggy mass, and finally disappears. The small brains (”calves hrains”) are produced in great abundance in the compost or casing layer by the pathogen. Now it is an important problem how to control them effectively and decrease the damage of mushroom production in Taiwan. The Green mould, Damping off, Brown plaster mould and white plaster mould appear to be of only minor important and less damage.
(3) The order of infected percentage of those fungi are given below:
a. Brown plaster mould (Myriococcum .praecox): 44.16%
b. White plaster mould (Monilia. fimicola): 27.94%
c. Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum): 24.73%
d. Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora): 8.92%
e. Green mould (Penicillium spp.): 4.04%
f. Damping-off (Fusarium spp.); 2.49%
(4) In spite of the various mushroom shelters, such as brick wall house, mud wall house, and cottage, the new builting of mushroom shelters has reduced the incidence of those diseases and less damage or infected percentage than those of old mushroom shelters-to be used more than two years. In general, the old mushroom shelters in which the diseases are easily occurred during the reason of growing mushrooms have never been disinfected completely ofter empty before use in Taiwan. For this reason, there are more serious diseases being carried over into the next crop in brick wall or mud wall house than those of cottage.