熱帶地區大蒜健康種苗培育技術之研究

Studies on the Raising Technique of Healthy Garlic Clones in the Tropics

林昭雄(Chao-Hsiung Lin)

《中華農業研究》 34卷3期 (1985/09) Pp. 279-291

https://doi.org/10.29951/JARC.198509.0005

摘要

大蒜爲臺彎重要內外銷蔬菜之一由於多年來無陸繁殖關係，大蒜嵌紋毒素病之發生，已甚爲普遍，對產量及品質之影響鉅大。必須加速培育大蒜健康種苗以爲挽救。
利用大蒜莖頂生長點組織培養繁殖無病毒之健康苗爲避免大蒜毒素病發生之有效方法之一但此汰費工費時，成本甚高，目前已克服許多困難，已從試管培育至第五代之組織培養苗。經生物病毒檢定結果，平均可獲得52.10%之無病毒級種苗，21.01%之微病毒級種苗。品種方面，白葉種比黑葉種之感毒素病性較大。
一般商業用種瓣含病毒很高，屬於重病毒級植株達83.33%，但其珠芽苗所含之病毒較少，無病毒級佔7.14%，微病毒級有21.43%，而且珠芽大小相當於第2~3代之組織培養種球，如配合適當之熱療使微病毒級或輕病毒級之組織培養種球或珠芽之病毒不活化，而加以利用，可減低大蒜健康種苗之培育成本。
熱療處理雖無法除去病毒，但對病毒之不活化有效。如採用熱水熱療以48~50℃熱水處理15分鐘爲宜，54℃處理15分鐘發芽會減低40%，而54℃熱水處理30分鐘爲大蒜蒜瓣熱水熱療之致死溫度與時間。如採用熱風熱療則以40℃熱風處理蒜球70天，蒜瓣60天爲宜。

並列摘要

Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the most important vegetable crops in Taiwan. However, the occurrences of garlic mosaic virus disease have been very prevalent due to the long term vegetative propagation, and greatly affect the yield and quality of crops. In order to rescue such serious viral harborings, the work of raising and multiplication of healthy garlic stocks should be carried out rapidly.
It has been found that the shoots of virus-infected plants are frequently devoid of viral particles or contain very low viral concentrations. Using shoot apical meristem culture become the principal techique for obtaining virus-free plants from generally infected stocks. Producing virus-free garlic clones through in vitro culture heve become one of the most effective measures to control garlic mosaic virus disease, but this techninque is slow and costly.
To date, the fifth-generation garlic stocks through meristem culture have already been raised by Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experiment Station through overcoming lots of difficulties. The existence of GMV has been assayed with indicator plant (Chenopodium amaranticolor) and it was found that in average 52.10% of virus-free grade and 21.01% of mild symptom grade were obtained from five generations.
The virus contents were found to be higher in commercial planting cloves with 83.33% of severe sympton grade than in bulbils with 7.14% of virus-free grade and 21.43% of mild-symptom grade. Moreover, the size of bulbils are equivalent to the sizes of the second or third generation through in vitro culture. It is possible to reduce the cost of raising healthy stocks through the inactivation of virus, if combined with proper heat therapy and chemical treatments on mild-symptom or light symptom bulbils.
Although heat therapy can not eradicate the all virus particles, some effects of GMV inactivation were found. Treatment in 48-50℃ hot water for 15 minutes seemed to be useful.
Treatmten in 54℃ hot water for 15 minutes would reduce 40% of germination, and treatment in 54℃ hot water for 30 minutes would be the critical point of lethal temperature and time.
If using 40℃ hot air treatment, 70 days for seed bulbs and 60 days for seed cloves are recommended.