環境因子對山藥生長與產量之影響

Effect of Environmental Factors on the Growth and Yield of Yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

劉新裕(S. Y. Liu) ； 呂秀英(H. Y. Lu) ； 王昭月(C. Y. Wang) ； 賴永昌(Y. C. Lai)

《中華農業研究》 39卷4期 (1990/12) Pp. 287-296

https://doi.org/10.29951/JARC.199012.0004

摘要

在三處不同地區（臺中、嘉義及鳳山）栽培經本所篩選之四種產量較優之山藥品系藉由各地不同之溫度、降雨量、日照時數及土壤肥力狀況，所導致之山藥農藝性狀及產量之變化，研判環境對山藥生長與產量之影響。一般山藥的種植爲每年四月，其生長全期可分成三個階段，即初期4-5兩個月爲生根、萌芽及長葉時期，中期6-8三個月爲蔓葉快速生長時期，後期9-12四個月爲新塊莖之形成、整形、肥大及充實時期。在前兩個生長階段中，三地區之氣溫由21.1℃起逐漸上升，地上部蔓葉且於7-8月較高溫時期(27.1-29.5℃)生長最爲旺盛，惟新塊莖之生長及充實則需溫較低，三地區在其充實後期（11-12月）之溫度約爲15.6-20.2℃；在降雨量方面，鳳山地區在山藥生長初期（4月）之雨量較其他二地爲低，而在8-10月反形偏高且較爲集中，對於塊莖之形成將較爲不利。除了氣溫較高、雨量較多外，在土壤肥力方面，亦以鳳山地區較差。鳳山地區四種山藥之平均產量爲12.14t/ha，只爲臺中及嘉義之71.7%及72.5%而已。四種山藥品系中以千里達山藥之平均產量最高(17.04t/ha)，雖在鳳山較不利地區之產量略差，但在較有利之嘉義及臺中兩地之產量大增，可歸類爲較理想型之山藥品系；嘉義地方種山藥之產量次之(16.85t/ha)，且其變異係數幾爲其他品系之半，顯示產量較穩定；臺東地方種山藥之平均產量最低(13.54t/ha)且變異係數最高，顯示較不理想且不穩定；巴西山藥在鳳山之產量(20.29t/ha)，顯著高於其他品系，在其他地區則表現不佳，應屬於特別適合鳳山之山藥品系。

關鍵字

山藥 ； 環境因子 ； 生長 ； 產量

並列摘要

Four yam lines having high yielding potential were tested for their growth and yield responses to different climate and soil conditions at three cultivation locations, i.e., Taichung, Chiayi and Fengshan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some suitable environmental factors for yam production and to select an ideal line of yam in favour for all possible cultivation locations.
Based on the results of agronomic characteristics and yield performances, suitable temperature range for growth and development of roots, runners and leaves was between 21.1℃ and 29.5℃, and for development and enlargement of new tubers was between 15.6℃ and 20.2℃. Comparing the climate and soil conditions at three yam cultivation locations, Fengshan area was less advantageous than Taichung and Chiayi areas, due to the higher temperature throughout all growth stages of yam, the concentrated and large amount of rainfall in the period from August to October, and the least quantities of organic matter and effective K in soil. The averaged tuber yield of 12.14t/ha at Fengshan was only 71.7% and 72.5% of that at Taichung and Chiayi, respectively. Experimental results indicated that Taichung area was the most suitable place for the cultivation and production of yam.
Among the four yam lines, Coconut-Lisbon can be recommended as an ideal line of yam. Although it produced less at Fengshan area, its mean yield was significantly more superior than the other lines under better environmental conditions such as Taichung and Chiayi areas. Chiayi local yam was the most stable one (cv=24.63), though its mean yield was not the highest among the lines. On the other hand, Taitung local yam was the most unstable line of yam (cv=53.99). Yield of Brazilien yam was significantly higher at Fengshan area than at two other locations. It might be the only line that can be suggested for that area.

並列關鍵字

Yam Dioscorea alata L. ； Environmental factors ； Growth ； Yield