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Tetrodotoxin Level, Species Identification and Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria in Toxic Octopus Hapalochlaena Collected from Taiwan
摘要
The amount of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in three toxic species of octopus collected from Taiwan was analyzed using LC-MS/MS. It was found that the toxin was tetrodotoxin (TTX) and derivatives in all octopus body parts. The average toxicities of specimens were 76.52 ± 10.51 μg, 117.80 ± 27.50 μg and 10.60 ± 1.36 μg in H. lunulata, H. fasciata and H. maculosa, respectively. The amount of toxin in H. fasciata was the highest. TTX was found to be present in the cephalothorax, as well as in the arm, posterior salivary gland, and abdomen. The bacterial counts of the posterior salivary gland of the blue ringed octopus H. lunulata and H. maculosa, and the blue-lined octopus H. fasciata, were 5.5, 5.0, and 5.3 log (CFU/g), respectively. The predominant genera were Vibrio, Photobacterium, Bacillus, Alteromonas, Pseudomonas, Shewanell and others from the posterior salivary gland. By LC-MS/MS analysis, TTX-producing ability was detected in strains of Vibrio, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, Alteromonas and Bacillus. Toxicity of TTX ranged from 1.04 × 10^(-10) to 1.17 × 10^(-9) ng/cell. Furthermore, the primers were used successfully to amplify 1,533 bp and 1,138 bp of the partial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes of these toxic octopuses, including H. lunulata, H. fasciata, and H. maculosa. These mtDNA markers proved to be valuable tools to differentiate three octopus species.
延伸閱讀
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