中華民國民主化下的文武關係：軍隊國家化的進程

Civil- Military Relations under the Democratization of the Republic of China: A Process of the Nationalization of the Military

段復初(Fu-Chu Tuan)

《復興崗學報》 104期 (2014/06) Pp. 1-24

摘要

20世紀70年代到21世紀初期，中華民國經歷了從威權政體逐漸轉化為民主政體的過程，並且透過兩次的政黨和平輪替執政，而建立起鞏固的民主。在這個威權轉型到民主政體的過程中，與國民黨有著密不可分關係，擁有相當大範圍的決策參與及政治特權的軍隊，隨著轉型的過程，逐漸失去其傳統在政治方面原有的特權。軍隊為何在這個過程中，沒有採取積極抵制的手段，反而是逐漸退出其在政治中的角色，並且未對其在國民黨長期政治教育之下，視為政治上的敵人採取壓制甚或鎮壓的手段，阻撓對手競爭，甚至在國民黨從壟斷性政黨轉變為競爭性政黨之後，在政黨競爭過程中失利，軍隊不曾用武力或威脅使用武力的方式，否決民主選舉的結果，反而是尊重民選結果？易言之，國民黨從一黨威權轉型為民主政黨過程中，文人是如何透過何種控制策略，有效地控制軍隊，讓軍隊能接受其應有的角色，而軍隊本身又是如何調適自己，在認知與行動上，使自己從一個服從於國民黨黨國的黨軍，轉變為服從於民選文人的國軍？這是本文所要探討的問題。

關鍵字

中華民國民主化 ； 黨軍 ； 文武關係 ； 文人控制

並列摘要

Since the 70s of the 20th century to the early 21st Century, The Republic of China had experienced the process of democratization and made a successful consolidation of democracy by two overturns of ruling power peacefully. Within this democratic process, the military was losing their prerogative in politics and in decision making process gradually. Why the Military was willing to be compliant and made less active reaction to this process? And why the military didn't use its coercive power to veto the outcome of the democratic election that Kuomintang was losing but accepted the choice of voters? What were those strategies that were used by civilian leaders to control the military effectively, that make the military accept the role that it should be playing. And at the same time, how did the military adjust itself in this process, transform itself from a party's military which obeyed Kuomintang to a state's military that obeys the elected civilian leader? Those are questions that will be answered by this paper.

並列關鍵字

Democratization of The Republic of China ； Party's Military ； Civil-Military Relations ； Civilian Control