- 期刊
三維火災風險分析技術之開發及其在建築物火災模擬之應用
Development of a 3D Fire Risk Analysis Technique and Its Application in a Building Fire Simulation
摘要
本研究嘗試利用自行研發之三維風險分析模組，搭配美國國家標準局（NIST）所開發之計算流體力學（Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD）軟體—火災動力學模擬器（Fire Dynamics Simulator, FDS），針對國內最嚴重之單一火災事故—造成64死14傷之衛爾康西餐廳火災進行模擬，並建構出一套可用於一般建築物火災之量化風險分析方法，其研究結果首度成功地將CFD火災數值模擬與量化風險技術進行了有效的結合。本研究根據建築及消防相關法規的規範，針對目標建築物比較了四種不同設計功能之建築防火設施或消防設備（包括原始狀況、自然通風、撒水系統、防煙垂壁等），並採用CFD模擬配合自行開發之風險計算模組來測試上述個別設計對於火災消減之有效性。其分析方式係藉由FDS模擬所得之火場溫度、一氧化碳濃度、氧氣濃度等參數，估計人員逃生之避難時間並計算出人員致死機率及個人風險，最終將其結果利用動畫、3D立體圖及切面圖進行視覺化展現，以便提供研究人員瞭解火場變化及熱輻射、濃煙所可能造成的致死率，並進一步探討何種消防設施較能有效縮減火災的危害範圍，以減少人員及財產之損失。由模擬結果所得知，在前述消防設施中對於火災消減具有最佳效果的設計為撒水系統；而由三維火災量化風險分析結果得知，衛爾康西餐廳的熱輻射個人風險值約介於3.1×10^(-9)-2.7×10^(-5)（人／年）之間。故有關單位亦應加強宣導：避免於公共場所中過度裝潢並選用耐燃材質之建材等，才能防範類似災害於未然。預計本研究結果除可提供相關單位作為一般建築物防火設計及相關消防設施選用之參考依據外，其相關技術亦可應用於各種工業設備或廠房火災之量化風險分析工作中。
並列摘要
This research combined a self-developed 3D risk analysis module and the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS, a CFD software that developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA) to simulate the Welcome Restaurant fire disaster that caused 64 deaths and 14 injuries. The simulation and risk analysis technique developed is applicable for common building fires.Based on the specification of building- and fire-related regulations, we also simulated fire hazard for four different designs of building fire protection facilities or fire fighting equipment (including original condition, natural ventilation, water sprinkler system, and smoke barrier). The risk module estimated the human escaping and evacuation time, the personal death probability, and the individual risk using the temperature, CO concentration, and O2 concentration data from FDS simulations. Animation, 3D pictures, and sliced pictures of the simulation and risk analysis results facilitate a good understanding of fire scene change and probable thermal radiation or smoke death rate and the fire-fighting facilities that can effectively reduce fire hazard and personnel and property losses.The simulation results also showed that a sprinkler system has the best fire mitigation effect and the 3D quantitative risk analysis revealed that the personal risk value of thermal radiation for Welcome Restaurant Accident lies between 3.1×10^(-9) to 2.7×10^(-5) (person /year). Results of this study also indicated that building construction should avoid excessive decoration in a public place and should use more fire-retardant building materials. We believe the simulation technique can provide the relevant organization a good and reliable reference for fire safety design of general building and for selecting fire-fighting related facilities.