鋼鐵冶煉技術發展綜論

Development of Iron and Steel Smelting Technologies: A Review

呂錫民(S.M. Lu)

《鑛冶：中國鑛冶工程學會會刊》 61卷4期 (2017/12) Pp. 36-46

https://doi.org/10.30069/MM.201712_61(4).0003

摘要

現代鋼鐵生產技術的崛起，大約是發生在半個世紀之前。從此之後，原料預處理、焦炭生產、高爐技術本身皆有大幅度提升，連帶使得能源消耗及溫氣排放下降，從而提高生產率及產品質量。尤其是先進頂部、底部、組合式鼓風轉爐技術的開發，徹底改變以鐵礦石精煉為主的鋼鐵生產方式。目前，氧氣轉爐工法是為煉鋼技術主流，約占世界鋼鐵產量三分之二左右。煉鋼工法的另一項發展技藝是以回收鋼為原料，其中鋼鐵廢料少量作為轉爐冷卻材料，而大部分則在超高功率電爐中熔化。這些主要煉鋼技術的進展，是20世紀60年代以來，與澆斗中二次煉鋼技術的出現及連鑄製程的突破有著密切的關連。這些技術全然改寫整個煉鋼理論，這意味著新鋼種將有更高的生產率、更低的材料與能源消耗、以及在無與倫比的前提下，具有高度改進、嚴格定制的性能。本文討論了在不同單元中，最新鋼鐵冶鍊技術的發展成果。其中，二次冶金和連續鑄造是當前冶金技術的關注焦點。最後，本文討論到相關鋼鐵冶煉技術開發的未來願景。

關鍵字

煉鋼 ； 二次冶金 ； 連鑄 ； 技術開發

並列摘要

The development of modern iron and steel making technologies started about a half century ago. Raw material pretreatments, coke production and blast furnace process itself were significantly improved; energy consumption and emissions were curtailed; and productivity and product quality were enhanced. Modern top, bottom, and combined blowing converter processes were developed that revolutionized steel production based on iron ore concentrates. Today, oxygen converter process is the main steelmaking technology that produced about two thirds of the world steel production. Another mainstream of steelmaking is based on recycled steel as raw material. Smaller share of the scrap is used in converters as cooling material, but most of it is melted in ultra-high power electric furnaces. The progresses in these primary steelmaking technologies are associated with the emergence and developments of secondary steelmaking processes in ladles and with the breakthrough of continuous casting. These technologies radically changed the steelmaking principle, which has meant much higher production rates, and lower materials and energy consumption per unit as well as unequalled premises for development of new steel grades with improved and tailored properties. The present paper discussed the latest achievements in different unit processes. Latest progresses in secondary metallurgy and continuous casting are considered with emphasis on the metallurgical constraints of the current processes. Finally, some future perspectives influencing the process development were discussed.

並列關鍵字

Steelmaking ； Secondary metallurgy ； Continuous casting ； Process development