找回尺度的階序結構：邁向空間的意識型態政治

Bringing the Hierarchical Structure of Scales back in: Toward the Ideological Politics of Space

林子新(Zi-Xin Lin)

《地理學報》 62期 (2011/08) Pp. 19-45

https://doi.org/10.6161/jgs.2011.62.02

摘要

迄今還未有學者將尺度階序理解為空間的意識型態結構。對地理學而言，尺度階序儘管是一基本概念，其理論意涵卻經歷兩次轉折。1960年代的馬克思主義轉向在對量化地理學提出挑戰的同時，主張應將尺度階序理解為在社會鬥爭過程中被不斷生產與再生產的空間權力結構。於是，空間的垂直分化或尺度間的權力結構成了分析焦點。1980年代文化轉向後，開始有地理學者將前述主張指謫為馬派地理學家特有的認識論「誤解」，強調尺度階序並非由外強加的客觀結構，而是由行動主體建構並操弄的認識論範疇或空間論述。尺度階序於焉「瓦解」，成了不具分析效力且帶有權力效果的地理學預設。結果，主體問題雖在文化轉向後受到重視，代價卻是使地理學陷入主體預設，將主體視為尺度階序的創造者，進而忽略主體作為尺度階序之產物的可能性。不同於此，本文將從徹底唯物的觀點出發，不僅拒絕主體預設，更反過來把主體當作尺度的意識型態效果，主張尺度作為意識型態、具有傳喚主體的政治功能。為此，必須找回先被誤解、後被瓦解的尺度階序，指出你和我就是在尺度階序之中，才被傳喚為能夠以反抗姿態進行臣屬的主體。當然，對尺度階序的新認識不僅會影響地理學的分析策略，也會影響地理學的實踐策略。

關鍵字

尺度 ； 階序 ； 意識型態 ； 意識型態國家機器 ； 主體

並列摘要

It is no doubt that literature on scale has been received great scholarly attention. The existing literature can be roughly grouped into two kinds of schools. The Marxist School, which was very popular during the 1960s to criticize the Quantitative Geography, argues that hierarchy of scales should be understood as a vertical structure of space that focused on power asymmetry between different scales. The Cultural Turn School, which emerged in the 1980s to intentionally get rid of the weakness of the Marxist School, tried to dismantle the scalar hierarchy through the process of redefining scales as both epistemological categories and spatial discourses. By doing so, the Cultural Turn School presumes that the subject is naturally a creator of scales. However, I argue that what has not yet properly answered is the ambiguity of the subject, for example, whether or not the subject can be a product of scales? This paper is to fill up this gap. My main argument is that scales should be comprehended as ideology which enables to interpellate individuals to be the subject. That is to say, the subject is not only an active agent but also an ideological effect of scales. In order to push the concept of ideological politics of space forward, I propose that it is time to bring the hierarchical structure of scales back into the literature on scale. Certain theoretical and empirical implications are noted in the conclusion.

並列關鍵字

scale ； hierarchy ； ideology ； ideological state apparatus ； subject