- 期刊
Choline and Betaine Food Sources and Intakes in Taiwanese
臺灣民眾膽鹼與甜菜鹼的食物來源及攝取情形
摘要
膽鹼與甜菜鹼皆參與數個與健康有關的代謝路徑，但它們的食物來源卻不同。我們以中華食物文化的角度來評估兩者攝取情形（個別的、兩者總和、兩者比例）。從具代表性的1993-1996國民營養健康調查中選取13-64歲台灣民眾作為研究對象。食物攝取量以面訪方式獲得的24小時回憶記錄來計算；食物中膽鹼與甜菜鹼含量之估算，是以美國農業部（USDA）食物成分資料庫為根據，再調整成適用於台灣的食物。這兩個營養素的主要來源被確認後，與美國佛來明罕子代研究的結果比較。並且計算營養素攝取量的平均值與降低變異中位數。在臺灣，提供膽鹼的前十項主要食物依序為蛋類、豬肉、雞肉、魚肉、黄豆及其製品、深色葉菜、奶類、水果、小麥製品、淡色葉菜。提供甜菜鹼的前十項主要食物依序為深色葉菜、小麥製品、魚肉、豬肉、麵包、雞肉、蛋糕/餅乾、酒（以穀類為原料）、米及其製品、醬汁。膽鹼的主要提供者，在臺灣與美國，分別是蛋類與紅肉。但在兩地，青菜都是甜菜鹼的主要供應者。臺灣與美國的膽鹼與甜菜鹼主要食物來源順序大不相同。臺灣男性膽鹼每日平均攝取量為372±19毫克（中位數為348），女性為265±9毫克（中位數為261）；臺灣男性甜菜鹼每日平均攝取量為101±3毫克（中位數為93），女性為78±8毫克（中位數為76）。這些資料可作為影響健康結果的參考因素。
並列摘要
Choline and betaine are involved in several similar health-relevant metabolic pathways, but the foods sources are different. We have assessed their intakes (individual, sums and ratios) from a dominantly Chinese food cultural point of view. A representative free-living Taiwanese population aged 13-64 years was drawn from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 1993-1996. Food intake was derived from interviews as 24-hour recalls. The USDA database, with adaptations for Taiwan, provided choline and betaine food compositions. Major food contributors of these nutrients were identified and compared with data from the US Framingham offspring study. Mean and variance reduced median nutrient intakes were calculated. Top ten major food contributors of choline in Taiwan were eggs, pork, chicken, fish, soybean and its products, dark leafy vegetables, dairy, fruit, wheat products and light leafy vegetables in sequence. For betaine, the top ten were dark leafy vegetables, wheat products, fish, pork, bread, chicken, cake/cookies, grain-based alcoholic beverages, rice and its products and sauces. The main contributors of choline in Taiwan and the USA were, respectively, eggs and red meat; and for betaine, greens were similarly best contributor. The rankings of the main food contributors of choline and betaine differed substantially between Taiwan and the USA. The total daily intakes (mean±SE, mg) in Taiwan for choline were 372±19 (median=348) in men and 265±9 (median 261) for women; for betaine, values were 101±3 (median 93) in men and 78±8 (median 76) for women. These allow for health outcome considerations.