非公理化的兩種道德實踐智慧：等差性關懷倫理學與道德個別主義

Two Varieties of Unprincipled Virtue: Partiality-based Care Ethics and Particularity-based Moral Particularism

吳秀瑾(Shiu-Ching Wu)

《東吳哲學學報》 15期 (2007/02) Pp. 1-46

https://doi.org/10.29732/SJPS.200702.0001

摘要

本文將以性騷擾案件為例，透過關懷的父母和個別主義的法官的對比，藉以說明父母關懷之情與法官審度之理，父母本於關懷情境中對親疏遠近的差別對待，後者是就事論事，個案處理的個別性。兩種倫理學的差別也顯示於個別主義探討道德性質、道德理由與道德法則等相關概念；相對的，關懷的父母從等差性、道德敏感性與同情心來說明關懷倫理的主要特質。 雖然兩種道德理論明顯有別，亦不可相互化約，但是是否就意味著彼此不能相容？本文將立論兩者在某種程度上仍然可以互相補充，從而顯現兩種理論各自都無法企及的情理兼具的道德完備性與理想道德人格，進而成為兩理論應該師法的道德榜樣。

關鍵字

關懷倫理 ； 道德個別主義 ； 等差性 ； 道德理由 ； 道德性質

並列摘要

The concept of particularity is generally confounded with the concept of partiality, by which it means the priority of moral concern to those near and dear. Look closely, the concept of particularity is ambiguous. If understood as particulars of a situation, particularity means exactly the same as partiality. However, if understood as sensitivity to the details and complexity of particular cases without the guidance of moral principles, particularity is different from partiality.
The aim of this paper is to discuss partiality-based ethics and particularity-based ethics as two distinct and different moral theories. While the former is closely connected to care ethics which focuses on ethical notions of partiality, caring sensitivity and sympathy to the loved ones, the latter is known as moral particularism which, to use Dancy's expression, looks hard at the details of the case before one with salient moral features. In order to demonstrate that the two moral theories belong to distinct and separate moral domains, a sexual harassment case is thoroughly discussed through the contrast between caring parents and competent (particularist) judge. Although care ethics and moral particularism are distinct and irreducible to each other, they are not incompatible.
The paper argues the possibility of a complement through mutual enhancement. Although loving parents are as important in securing the well-being of the loved ones as competent judges in making right judgments in the moral court, they have much to learn from the other. In becoming the caring judge and being a reason-discerning parent, we learn how to care with good reasons and judge with sympathetic concern. After all, partiality and particularity should go hand in hand.

並列關鍵字

partiality ； particularity ； care ethics ； moral particularism ； moral reasons

參考文獻

(2002)。劍橋哲學辭典。台北:城邦。

Blum, Lawrence A.(1988).Gilligan and Kohlberg: Implications for moral theory.Ethics.98,472-491.

Blum, Lawrence A.(1991).Moral perception and particularity.Ethics.101,710-725.

Blum, Lawrence A.(1994).Moral Perception and Particularity.New York:Cambridge University Press.

Blum, Lawrence A.,Hooker,Little (Eds.)(2000).Moral particularism.New York:Oxford University Press.