論將規範理由視為應然證據的正確方式

On How to Take Normative Reasons to be Evidence about Oughts

李國揚(Kok Yong Lee)

《東吳哲學學報》 41期 (2020/02) Pp. 1-33

摘要

證據理由論認為，規範理由（normative reasons）是一種證據，有關主體應該（或不應該）從事某個行為的命題的證據。肯恩（Stephen Kearns）與斯塔（Daniel Star）的理論，是目前最主要的證據理由論。本文的目的，在於藉由分析肯恩與斯塔理論的缺點，而發展出更合理的證據理由論。對肯恩與斯塔來說，F是支持S去做行為Φ的理由，當且僅當，F是支持『S應該去做Φ』這個命題的證據。而筆者主張，F是支持S去做行為Φ的理由，當且僅當，F是反對『S應該不去做Φ』這個命題的證據。

關鍵字

規範理由 ； 應然證據 ； 理由 ； 證據 ； 理由論

並列摘要

According to reasons evidentialism, normative reasons are evidence about oughts, i.e. propositions about whether an agent ought or ought not to perform a certain action. Stephen Kearns and Danial Star's account of reasons have been the most prominent reasons evidentialism on the table. In this paper, I will closely examine Kearns and Star's account and articulate its problems. More importantly, learning from the drawback of Kearns and Star's account, I propose a new account of reasons evidentialism. According to Kearns and Star, F is a reason for S to Φ if and only if F is evidence for the proposition that S ought to Φ. On my view, F is a reason for S to Φ if and only if F is evidence against the proposition that S ought not to Φ.

並列關鍵字

normative reason ； evidence about oughts ； reason ； evidence ； theory of reasons

參考文獻

Achinstein, P. (2001). The Book of Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press.

Alvarez, M. (2010). Kinds of Reasons: An Essay in the Philosophy of Action. New York: Oxford University Press.

Armstrong, D. M. (1997). A World of States of Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Arnold, A. (2013). Some Evidence Is False. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 91, 1: 165-172.

Broome, J. (2013). Rationality through Reasoning. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.