The purpose of this study is twofold. First, we examine the export performance and structural change of Taiwan's agri-food products using historical trade statistics and revealed comparative advantage indexes. Next, we explore the future challenges in export promotion faced by the farmers and government in the world market. Our major finding is that although Taiwan's agri-food products exports are not as competitive as the other Asian-Pacific countries, they can obtain greater opportunities by adopting market segregation, brand promotion, food safety certification, as well as contracting with the multinational agro-exporters, supermarkets, wholesalers, and food processors to meet future demand in the global market. The government needs to consolidate their efforts in providing small farmers with necessary training and financial assistance and to reduce transaction costs in finding new markets.