秦公大墓石磬殘銘考釋

A Study of the Inscriptions on the Ch'ing (磬) from the Tomb of a Duke of Ch'in

王輝(Hui Wang) ； 焦南鋒(Nan-Feng Jiao) ； 馬振智(Zheng-Zhi Ma)

《中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊》 67本2分 (1996/06) Pp. 263-310

摘要

陝西省鳳翔縣南指揮村秦公一號大墓出土有銘石磬多枚（已殘，估計原先最少有三套），經綴合後共有銘文26條，206字（包括重文6字）。這批磬銘對研究春秋時期秦國歷史、文化以及秦系文字演變情況，意義至關重大。磬銘最長的一條為「(特殊字員略)（湯湯）氒（厥）商。百樂咸奏，允樂孔煌。段虎（鉏鋙）(特殊字員略)入，又（有）璣(特殊字員略)羕（漾）天子匽喜，龔（共）起(特殊字員略)（桓）是嗣。高陽又（有）(特殊字員略)（靈），四方以鼎（宓）平。……」。「商」為七音之一，「百樂」乃各種樂器，諸樂合奏，又有鉏鋙止樂，足見秦樂演奏程式之完備，秦人之好樂。磬銘稱秦公燕喜周天子，得其認可，繼共、桓二公大統，再結合「唯四年八月初吉甲申」（元前573年八月初二或初三）的銘文，可斷定大墓墓主為秦景公。磬銘有「□□宜政」，即宜於主持國家政務，我們由之推定磬乃秦景公四年親政祭祖、祭天之物。磬銘關乎景公即位的合法性，故以之隨葬。磬銘提到秦人始生祖顓頊（高陽），提到「上帝」，「作(特殊字員略)（極）配天」皆為祭祀對象；「□寢龔雍，四方穆穆」、「鍴鍴雍雍孔煌」，乃莊重、肅穆、敬和之祭祀氣氛；「□(特殊字員略)靈□」，即吉玉，為祭祀所用之玉；「□□百姓，□□寢宮」，為祭祀地點及助祭者；「(特殊字員略)（申）用無疆」乃祭祀目的：祈求國祚無限。由磬銘可以考見春秋晚期周秦關係相當密切，亦可知秦文化深受周人影響。磬銘文字與傳世秦公鐘、民國初年天水出土秦公簋接近，可為二器斷代提供佐證。磬銘稱「允龢又（有）靈殸」，亦為研究編磬的發展史及中國刻石的起源問題提出了新的課題。

關鍵字

春秋 ； 秦史 ； 秦景公 ； 石磬 ； 秦文字

並列摘要

The excavation of the tomb of a Duke of chin in Nan-chih-hui 南指揮 village of Feng-hsiang county, Shensi province, uncovered a large number of inscribed stone ch'ing. (The ch'ing are damaged, but originally there must have been at least three sets.) Mending of the remains resulted in 26 passages, totaling 206 characters. This group of stone ch'ing inscriptions is of utmost importance for the study of the history and culture of the state of Ch'in during the Spring and Autumn period and for the study of changes in the Chin version of the character script.
The longest complete passage of the stone ch'ing inscriptions reveals that the owner of the tomb is Duke Ching of Ch'in. From the passage we derive that the ch'ing date from Duke Ching's sacrifices to Heaven and to his ancestors during his capping ritual in the fourth year of his reign. The inscriptions on the stone ch'ing relate to the legitimacy of Duke Ching's enthronement and hence they have been buried with him.
From these stone ch'ing inscriptions we learn that the states of Chou and Chin maintained very close relations during the late Spring and Autumn periods and it also becomes clear that the Chou deeply influenced Ch'in culture. The script on the stone ch'ing is roughly contemporary to that found on the Ch'in-kung chung 秦公鐘and to that in the Ch'in-kung kuei, 秦公簋 unearthed in Tien-shui, and thus the stone ch'ing can fill in lacunae left by the inscriptions on these two objects. Moreover, the phrase ”harmonious, they possess efficacious sound” raised new questions about the development of stone ch'ing and about the origins of Chinese stone engraving.