從多元文化觀點論馬來西亞1966-2005觀光發展政策

本文以馬來西亞爲例，針對其多種族文化歷史背景、種族爲導向的政策發展歷程進行檢視，並枕現今馬國政府針對第三大經濟產業－觀光產業所採取之政策的周延性，及對馬國所塑造之觀光多元文化意象的意識形態進行剖析。藉由馬國政府於1966至2005年間所頒佈之國家重要政策，以及五年爲一週期之發展方案，採用文件分析方式，研究發現馬國政府長年所施行之以意識形態支配的種族差異區別持遇政策，與多元文化植於文化依附、價值觀認同、共同情感的根源相背離；多元文化的正面意義卻因以追求經濟公平原則爲主的種族政治而出現矛盾現象。就觀光產業而言，此種狹隘的種族政策，對於以「亞洲魅力之所在」、「快樂、多彩多姿的小亞洲」來作爲馬來西亞多元文化觀光意象之營造，同樣具有反諷的影響。馬來西亞社會中，政府對於多元文化長期以來只注重種族間經濟之均衡發展、社會資源均分的層面，相同理念延續至觀光相關政策中的種族均衡考量時，卻忽略了觀光有助於涵蘊多元族群治理中之文化異質性相互融通、價值觀念分享、共識歸屬感、社會完整性及獨特文化的養成。

關鍵字

多元文化；觀光政策；種族；社會公平；馬來西亞

並列摘要

This study at the outset examines the historical background of Malaysia's plural society in conjunction with the development process of ethic-driven policy initiatives, the adequacy of government's policy approach for the third largest economy sector-tourism industry, as well as the integrity of the multicultural tourism images. Through the employment of the employment of document evaluation technique, this study analyzes major national policies and a series of 5-year Malaysia Plans (from 1966 to 2005). The results indicate the existence of discordance in the multi-cultural image projected, and the policy reality reflects a dilemma in which the Malaysian government is ideologically committed to support Bumiputra-based cultural identity. The narrowly defined ethnic preponderance ideology is also at odds with the extensively promoted tourism image that is associated with an Asian cultural potpourri-”truly Asia” or ”a happy, colourful little Asia”. Malaysia's development rationale has been persistently aligned with the state's objectives to equalize ethnic involvement and distribution of social resources. The ”society restructuring” spirit similarly sketched out for tourism is an attempt to encourage an equal ethnic representation, albeit with a negligence concerning the cultural implications of tourism that could help nurture the central tenets of multicultural governance for accommodating cultural heterogeneity, shared value systems, consensus attainment, social integrity, and unique cultural identity.

並列關鍵字

Multiculturalism ； tourism policy ； ethnicity ； social equity ； Malaysia

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