姚興與佛教天王

Yao Xing, a Chinese Buddhist Devarāja around the Fourth Century CE

周伯戡(Po-Kan Chou)

《臺大歷史學報》 30期 (2002/12) Pp. 207-242

https://doi.org/10.6253/ntuhistory.2002.30.09

摘要

藉著檢驗《晉書》（西元六四四年完成）對羌人後秦君主姚興於三九九年稱天王記載的矛盾，並參照四○○年左右佛教在中國所流行的教義與神話，佛教文獻對姚興的記載，以及佛教文化圈內的君主觀，本文指出姚興稱天王乃是受佛教帝釋的啟發，而非來自中國古典《春秋》的天王說。他的統治行為也與佛教的帝釋觀吻合。然而，佛教的天王觀和漢朝以來外儒內法的統治治術背離，使得後秦政權在他死後迅速瓦解。本文為北朝胡人君主使用天王號提出另一個新的解釋。

關鍵字

佛教 ； 姚興 ； 佛教王權觀 ； 天王 ； 帝釋 ； 北朝 ； 胡人 ； 中國與佛教政治思想交流

並列摘要

By critically examining historical accounts of a powerful proto-Tibetan king, Yao Xing, who replaced his regal title huangdi (emperor) with tienwaig in 399 CE, in an official history, Book of the Jin (completed in 644), the article determines that tieiwang actually refers to Śakra/Indra, the ruler of Trayastriśā Heaven, often called as devarāja(king of gods), representing the Buddhist ideal king, rather than the Confucian concept of tiemwang (heavenly king) as suggested by other scholars. The article argues for this explanation with materials from various sources: the Buddhist conception of Śakra/Indra in the scriptures and sculptures that were then circulated in China, Chinese Buddhist records on Yao Xing, and the Buddhist usage of devarāja in the regions other than China. For Yao Xing's regime was short-lived, the article reaches the conclusion that Buddhism's political operation in the name of devarāja was essentially incongruous, and therefore unworkable, with the existing Chinese statecraft.

並列關鍵字

Buddhism ； Buddhist concept of kingship ； devarāja ； Sakra ； Indra ； Tienwang ； Northern Dyansties ； intercourse between Buddhist and Chinese political thoughts

參考文獻

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東漢蔡邕。獨斷。

晉陳壽。三國志。

清陳立(1994)。白虎通疏證。

清趙翼(1968)。二十二史劄記。